Thermodynamics Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of thermodynamics?

  • Mathematical concepts
  • Matter and its properties
  • Physical properties of substances
  • Energy and its transformation (correct)

What is the definition of a thermodynamic system?

  • A region in space chosen for study (correct)
  • A real or imaginary surface separating the system from the surrounding
  • The mass and region outside the system
  • The quantity of matter or energy

What type of system has a fixed amount of mass and no mass can cross its boundary?

  • Thermodynamic System
  • Open System
  • Closed System (correct)
  • Control Volume

What is the boundary of a control volume called?

<p>Control Surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the macroscopic approach in thermodynamics?

<p>Considering a certain quantity of matter without taking into account the events occurring at the molecular level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a macroscopic system?

<p>It can be easily measured (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of classical thermodynamics?

<p>Macroscopic approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a closed system and an open system?

<p>Mass can cross the boundary in an open system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approach that considers the matter to be comprised of tiny particles known as molecules?

<p>Microscopic approach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is independent of the size of the system?

<p>Temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the quotient of the substance's volume to its mass?

<p>Specific volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of a system described by?

<p>Its properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition of a system at any instant of time called?

<p>State (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a system that has no unbalanced potentials within the system?

<p>Equilibrium state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the series of states through which a system passes during a process?

<p>Path (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is dependent on the size or extent of the system?

<p>Mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes?

<p>Continuum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the density of a substance with respect to the density of some standard substance?

<p>Specific gravity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a quasi-equilibrium process?

<p>The system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a point function and a path function?

<p>A point function is a quantity whose value is independent of the path, while a path function is a quantity whose value depends on the path. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a cycle?

<p>A process that returns the system to its initial state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of pressure in the SI system?

<p>N/m2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of thermodynamic equilibrium?

<p>A state where there are no changes in macroscopic properties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for mechanical equilibrium?

<p>There is no change in pressure at any point of the system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales?

<p>T(K) = T(C) + 273.16 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of absolute pressure?

<p>The pressure measured relative to absolute vacuum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between gauge pressure and absolute pressure?

<p>Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure, while absolute pressure is the pressure measured relative to absolute vacuum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the Rankine and Fahrenheit temperature scales?

<p>T(R) = T(F) + 459.67 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process?

<p>Infinite slowness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for a reversible process?

<p>No dissipative effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating work in physics?

<p>W=F·d·cos(θ) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sign convention for work done by the system in thermodynamics?

<p>Positive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an irreversible process?

<p>Net change occurs in the Universe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pressure-volume work?

<p>Work done by a system at constant pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for chemical equilibrium?

<p>No chemical reaction occurs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of work in the International System of Units (SI)?

<p>Joule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for thermodynamic work?

<p>W=P·V (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of thermodynamic work?

<p>Work is said to be done by a system if the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of thermodynamics in terms of energy?

<p>Energy conversion and its effect on physical properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a closed system?

<p>Energy can cross its boundary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a region in space chosen for study in thermodynamics?

<p>System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach considers a certain quantity of matter without taking into account the events occurring at the molecular level?

<p>Macroscopic approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered in the microscopic approach of thermodynamics?

<p>A large number of tiny particles known as molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the surface that separates a control volume from the surrounding?

<p>Control surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an intensive property?

<p>Temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an open system?

<p>Both mass and energy can cross its boundary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is specific volume?

<p>The reciprocal of density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of classical thermodynamics?

<p>Macroscopic level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for a system to be in equilibrium?

<p>There are no unbalanced potentials within the system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a closed system?

<p>Piston cylinder device (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of thermodynamic studies?

<p>Equilibrium and feasibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a process in thermodynamics?

<p>A change from one equilibrium state to another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium?

<p>Balanced potentials within the system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an extensive property?

<p>Dependent on the size or extent of the system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the density of a substance with respect to the density of some standard substance?

<p>Specific gravity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is continuum?

<p>A continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of a system?

<p>Described by its properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of intensive properties?

<p>Not additive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a quasi-equilibrium process?

<p>It is an idealized process that remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a point function and a path function?

<p>Point functions are exact differentials, while path functions are inexact differentials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cycle?

<p>A process where the system returns to its initial state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of pressure in the SI system?

<p>Pascal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thermodynamic equilibrium?

<p>A state where no changes in macroscopic properties are observed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process?

<p>Infinite slowness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reversible process?

<p>A process that is performed infinitely slowly with infinitesimal gradient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for mechanical equilibrium?

<p>No change in pressure at any point of the system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an irreversible process?

<p>A process that is carried out in such a way that the system and surrounding cannot be exactly restored to their respective initial state at the end of the reverse process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales?

<p>T(K) = T(C) + 273.16 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating work in physics?

<p>W=F·d·cos(?) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is absolute pressure?

<p>The pressure measured relative to absolute vacuum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pressure-volume work?

<p>Work involved in a change in volume or pressure, typically involving gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between gauge pressure and absolute pressure?

<p>Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure, while absolute pressure is the pressure measured relative to absolute vacuum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sign convention for work done by the system in thermodynamics?

<p>Work done by the system is considered positive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the Rankine and Fahrenheit temperature scales?

<p>T(R) = T(F) + 459.67 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for chemical equilibrium?

<p>The system's composition does not change with time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of work in the International System of Units (SI)?

<p>Joule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for thermodynamic work?

<p>W=P·V (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a reversible process in terms of heat and work interactions?

<p>Heat and work interactions are always equal and opposite in direction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Introduction to Thermodynamics

  • Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformation, and its effects on physical properties of substances.
  • It deals with equilibrium and feasibility of a process, and the relationship between heat and work, and the properties of systems in equilibrium.

Thermodynamics System

  • A thermodynamics system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
  • The mass and region outside the system is called the surrounding.
  • The boundary of the system is a real or imaginary surface that separates the system from the surrounding.

Types of Thermodynamics Systems

  • Closed System (Control Mass): A fixed amount of mass, no mass can cross its boundary, and energy can cross the boundary in the form of heat or work.
  • Open System (Control Volume): A properly selected region in space where both mass and energy can cross the boundary.

Approaches to Thermodynamics

  • Macroscopic Approach: Considers a certain quantity of matter without taking into account events occurring at the molecular level.
  • Microscopic Approach: Considers the matter as comprised of a large number of tiny particles known as molecules, which move randomly in a disordered fashion.

Properties of a System

  • Property: Any characteristic of a system.
  • Intensive Properties: Independent of the size of the system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
  • Extensive Properties: Depend on the size or extent of the system, such as mass, volume, and total energy.

Specific Properties of a System

  • Specific Properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.
  • Specific Volume: The volume of a substance per unit mass.
  • Specific Energy: The energy of a substance per unit mass.
  • Specific Gravity: The density of a substance with respect to the density of a standard substance at a specified temperature.

Continuum and State

  • Continuum: A continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes.
  • State: The condition of a system at any instant of time, described by its properties.

Equilibrium and Processes

  • Equilibrium: A state of balance, with no unbalanced potentials or driving forces within the system.
  • Process: A change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.
  • Quasi-Equilibrium Process: A process that proceeds in a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.

Point Function and Path Function

  • Point Function: A quantity whose change is independent of the path, such as properties.
  • Path Function: A quantity whose value depends on the path followed during a change of state, such as heat and work.

Cycle and Steady Flow Process

  • Cycle: A system that returns to its initial state at the end of a process.
  • Steady Flow Process: A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily.

Temperature and Pressure

  • Temperature: A measure of hotness or coldness, measured in Celsius or Kelvin scales.
  • Pressure: The force exerted by a fluid per unit area, measured in pascals.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium

  • Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A system that exists in a state of equilibrium, with no changes in macroscopic properties observed if the system is isolated from its surroundings.

Quasi-Static Process and Reversible Process

  • Quasi-Static Process: A process that is performed in an infinitesimally slow manner, with the system remaining in equilibrium at all times.
  • Reversible Process: A process that is performed in such a way that both the system and surrounding can be restored to their initial state without producing any changes in the rest of the universe.

Irreversible Process

  • Irreversible Process: A process that is carried out in such a way that the system and surrounding cannot be exactly restored to their respective initial states at the end of the reverse process.

Work in Thermodynamics

  • Work: The transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied to an object, causing it to move.
  • Thermodynamic Work: Work involves energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure.
  • Pressure-Volume Work: Work done by or on a system at constant pressure, given by W = PΔV.

Sign Convention and Heat Transfer

  • Sign Convention: Work done by the system is positive, and work done on the system is negative.
  • Heat Transfer: The transfer of energy from one body to another due to a temperature difference.

Introduction to Thermodynamics

  • Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformation, and its effects on physical properties of substances.
  • It deals with equilibrium and feasibility of a process, and the relationship between heat and work, and the properties of systems in equilibrium.

Thermodynamics System

  • A thermodynamics system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
  • The mass and region outside the system is called the surrounding.
  • The boundary of the system is a real or imaginary surface that separates the system from the surrounding.

Types of Thermodynamics Systems

  • Closed System (Control Mass): A fixed amount of mass, no mass can cross its boundary, and energy can cross the boundary in the form of heat or work.
  • Open System (Control Volume): A properly selected region in space where both mass and energy can cross the boundary.

Approaches to Thermodynamics

  • Macroscopic Approach: Considers a certain quantity of matter without taking into account events occurring at the molecular level.
  • Microscopic Approach: Considers the matter as comprised of a large number of tiny particles known as molecules, which move randomly in a disordered fashion.

Properties of a System

  • Property: Any characteristic of a system.
  • Intensive Properties: Independent of the size of the system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
  • Extensive Properties: Depend on the size or extent of the system, such as mass, volume, and total energy.

Specific Properties of a System

  • Specific Properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.
  • Specific Volume: The volume of a substance per unit mass.
  • Specific Energy: The energy of a substance per unit mass.
  • Specific Gravity: The density of a substance with respect to the density of a standard substance at a specified temperature.

Continuum and State

  • Continuum: A continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes.
  • State: The condition of a system at any instant of time, described by its properties.

Equilibrium and Processes

  • Equilibrium: A state of balance, with no unbalanced potentials or driving forces within the system.
  • Process: A change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.
  • Quasi-Equilibrium Process: A process that proceeds in a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.

Point Function and Path Function

  • Point Function: A quantity whose change is independent of the path, such as properties.
  • Path Function: A quantity whose value depends on the path followed during a change of state, such as heat and work.

Cycle and Steady Flow Process

  • Cycle: A system that returns to its initial state at the end of a process.
  • Steady Flow Process: A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily.

Temperature and Pressure

  • Temperature: A measure of hotness or coldness, measured in Celsius or Kelvin scales.
  • Pressure: The force exerted by a fluid per unit area, measured in pascals.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium

  • Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A system that exists in a state of equilibrium, with no changes in macroscopic properties observed if the system is isolated from its surroundings.

Quasi-Static Process and Reversible Process

  • Quasi-Static Process: A process that is performed in an infinitesimally slow manner, with the system remaining in equilibrium at all times.
  • Reversible Process: A process that is performed in such a way that both the system and surrounding can be restored to their initial state without producing any changes in the rest of the universe.

Irreversible Process

  • Irreversible Process: A process that is carried out in such a way that the system and surrounding cannot be exactly restored to their respective initial states at the end of the reverse process.

Work in Thermodynamics

  • Work: The transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied to an object, causing it to move.
  • Thermodynamic Work: Work involves energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure.
  • Pressure-Volume Work: Work done by or on a system at constant pressure, given by W = PΔV.

Sign Convention and Heat Transfer

  • Sign Convention: Work done by the system is positive, and work done on the system is negative.
  • Heat Transfer: The transfer of energy from one body to another due to a temperature difference.

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