Thermodynamics and Temperature Measurement
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary unit of temperature in the SI system?

  • Degrees Fahrenheit
  • Kelvin (correct)
  • Joules
  • Degrees Celsius

How does heat energy transfer between two bodies?

  • Simultaneously between both bodies
  • From hotter to colder body (correct)
  • From colder to hotter body
  • Only if they are the same material

Which liquid is commonly used in a liquid thermometer?

  • Water
  • Oil
  • Alcohol (correct)
  • Mercury (correct)

What describes thermal equilibrium?

<p>The hotter body loses heat while the colder body gains heat until equal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about calories and joules is correct?

<p>1 calorie is equal to 4.186 joules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is generated when friction causes molecular movement in a material?

<p>Thermal energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C?

<p>1 calorie (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is equivalent to 1000 calories?

<p>Kilocalorie (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common instrument used to measure heat?

<p>Thermometer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does heat energy naturally flow?

<p>From hot to cold bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the constriction in a clinical thermometer?

<p>To keep the mercury from dropping after removal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature range does a clinical thermometer typically measure?

<p>35°C to 42°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the structure of a mercury thermometer?

<p>It contains mercury in a fine bore capillary tube with no air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following temperature scale conversions is correct?

<p>100°C corresponds to 212°F (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature scale is most commonly used?

<p>Fahrenheit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature scale has a freezing point of water at 0°C?

<p>Celsius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the boiling point of water in the Kelvin scale?

<p>373 K (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many divisions are present between the freezing and boiling points of water on the Fahrenheit scale?

<p>180 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following temperature values represents absolute zero on the Kelvin scale?

<p>0 K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of the intervals of Celsius to Fahrenheit?

<p>5/9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?

<p>°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equivalent of normal body temperature, 37°C, in Kelvin?

<p>310 K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the increase in volume of a substance due to heating?

<p>Thermal Expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly describes the conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius?

<p>°C = (°F - 32) × 5/9 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does ice melt, according to the definition provided?

<p>0°C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you convert from Celsius to Kelvin?

<p>Add 273 to the Celsius temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a gas when it is cooled according to the change in state?

<p>It condenses into a liquid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Fahrenheit equivalent of 98.6°F?

<p>37°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves a liquid changing into vapor at a fixed temperature?

<p>Vaporization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decrease in volume of a substance due to cooling?

<p>Contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when measuring temperature with a laboratory thermometer?

<p>Placing the thermometer's bulb in the water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion formula, what is the temperature in Fahrenheit when water is measured at 65°C?

<p>149°F (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic property of the thermometric liquid used in thermometers?

<p>It should expand uniformly with temperature changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the molecules of a substance when it is heated?

<p>They gain energy, leading to increased temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is alcohol sometimes used in thermometers instead of mercury?

<p>Alcohol is non-toxic, making it safer for certain uses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of expansion occurs in all three states of matter?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the effect of heat on gases compared to solids and liquids?

<p>Gases expand significantly more than solids and liquids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the intermolecular space in a substance when it is heated?

<p>It increases, resulting in expansion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines sublimation in terms of phase change?

<p>Conversion from solid directly to gas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature value indicates the maximum limit for snow precipitation to occur?

<p>2°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the increase in length of a solid when heated?

<p>Linear expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to most solids when they are cooled?

<p>They contract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following applications demonstrates thermal expansion in everyday life?

<p>Loose electric wires (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the experiment with metal rods, what is directly observed as the rod is heated?

<p>The needle deflects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of expansion refers to the increase in the surface area of a solid?

<p>Superficial expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a bimetallic strip when the temperature increases?

<p>It bends towards the metal with a lower expansion rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to water when heated from 0°C to 4°C?

<p>It contracts before expanding at higher temperatures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the expansion of liquids?

<p>Different liquids expand to different extents upon heating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the activity demonstrating expansion in liquids, what was placed in the hot water baths?

<p>Conical flasks containing equal amounts of liquids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the behavior of benzene compared to water when heated?

<p>Benzene expands more than water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of liquids compared to solids?

<p>Liquids have no definite shape but a fixed volume. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using bimetallic strips in devices?

<p>To bend in response to temperature changes for switching circuits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What observation is made in the experimental demonstration of liquid expansion?

<p>The liquids rise to different levels in the capillary tubes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heat as Energy

Heat is a form of energy resulting from the increased movement of atoms and molecules in a body.

Heat Transfer

Heat naturally flows from a hotter object to a cooler object until both reach the same temperature.

Joule (J)

The standard unit for measuring heat energy.

Calorie (cal)

A unit of heat energy; The amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1°C.

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Thermal Equilibrium

The state where two objects have the same temperature, and no further heat transfer occurs.

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1 calorie equals how many joules?

1 calorie is approximately equal to 4.186 joules.

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What is temperature?

Temperature is a measurable quantity that describes how hot or cold a substance is.

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What is thermal equilibrium?

Thermal equilibrium occurs when two objects with different temperatures reach the same temperature after heat transfer.

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SI unit of temperature?

The standard unit of temperature in the SI system is Kelvin (K).

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What is a thermometer?

A thermometer is an instrument used to measure temperature.

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Laboratory Thermometer

A thermometer used for measuring temperature in a lab, usually containing mercury.

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Clinical Thermometer

A thermometer used by doctors to measure body temperature.

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Temperature Scales

Systems for measuring temperature, e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.

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Celsius Scale

A temperature scale where 0°C is the freezing point of water and 100°C is the boiling point.

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Fahrenheit Scale

A temperature scale where 32°F is the freezing point of water and 212°F is the boiling point.

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Thermal Expansion

The increase in volume of a substance due to heating.

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Contraction

The decrease in volume of a substance due to cooling.

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Melting

The process in which a solid changes to a liquid by absorbing heat at a fixed temperature.

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Freezing

The process in which a liquid changes into a solid state at a fixed temperature by releasing heat.

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Vaporization

The process in which a liquid changes into a vapor state at a fixed temperature.

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Celsius to Fahrenheit

The formula for converting Celsius degrees (°C) to Fahrenheit degrees (°F) is (°C * 9/5) + 32.

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Fahrenheit to Celsius

The formula for converting Fahrenheit degrees (°F) to Celsius degrees (°C) is (5/9) * (°F - 32).

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Kelvin to Celsius

The Kelvin scale is 273 degrees higher than the Celsius scale. To convert Kelvin (K) to Celsius (°C), subtract 273 from the Kelvin temperature.

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Celsius to Kelvin

The Kelvin scale is 273 degrees higher than the Celsius scale. To convert Celsius (°C) to Kelvin (K), add 273 to the Celsius temperature.

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Normal Body Temperature

The normal human body temperature is 37°C, which is equivalent to 310K and 98.6°F.

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What are the qualities of a good thermometric liquid?

A good thermometric liquid should have a high coefficient of expansion, making it change volume significantly with temperature changes. It also needs to be a good conductor of heat, allowing it to quickly and accurately reflect the temperature of the surrounding object, and it shouldn't freeze or boil at the temperatures being measured.

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Why is mercury used in thermometers?

Mercury is a liquid metal with a high coefficient of expansion, meaning it expands significantly with temperature changes, making it ideal for measuring temperature accurately. It also has a high boiling point, allowing it to be used to measure higher temperatures.

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Why is alcohol used in thermometers?

Alcohol is used in thermometers because it has a lower freezing point compared to mercury, making it suitable for measuring lower temperatures. It also has a lower boiling point, making it safer to use.

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What are the effects of heat?

Heat energy causes changes in both living and non-living things. It can increase the movement of molecules within a substance, leading to a rise in temperature. Heat can also change the physical state of a substance, such as melting ice or boiling water.

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Fahrenheit (°F)

A temperature scale where water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F. The scale is divided into 180 equal parts between these points.

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Celsius (°C)

A temperature scale where water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C. The scale is divided into 100 equal parts between these points.

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Kelvin (K)

A temperature scale where 0 K is the absolute zero, the lowest possible temperature. Water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K.

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What is the relationship between Celsius and Fahrenheit?

A temperature difference of 100°C is equal to a temperature difference of 180°F. Therefore, a change in temperature of 1°C corresponds to a change of 9/5°F.

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How does Kelvin compare to Celsius?

The Kelvin scale is an absolute scale, meaning it starts at 0 K which corresponds to -273°C. A temperature change of 1 K is equal to a temperature change of 1°C.

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What is thermal expansion?

The tendency of matter to increase in size when heated and decrease in size when cooled.

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Linear expansion

Expansion in one dimension (length).

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Cubical expansion

Expansion in all three dimensions (length, width, and height).

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Superficial expansion

Expansion in two dimensions (length and width).

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Why do gases expand more than liquids or solids?

Gases have weaker intermolecular forces, allowing molecules to move farther apart when heated.

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What causes different solids to expand differently?

Different materials have different molecular structures and bonding strengths. Some materials expand more than others at the same temperature increase.

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Why are electric wires left loose?

Electric wires expand in hot weather and contract in cold weather. These expansion and contraction create slack in the wires, preventing breakage.

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Bimetallic Strip

A strip made from two different metals fused together. When heated, it bends towards the metal with lower expansion. When cooled, it bends towards the metal with higher expansion.

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What is a bimetallic strip used for?

Bimetallic strips are used in thermostats, circuit breakers, and devices that need to respond to temperature changes by opening or closing an electrical circuit.

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Liquid Expansion

Liquids expand more than solids when heated. They have no fixed shape, so the volume expansion is more noticeable.

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Water's Anomaly

Water contracts when heated from 0°C to 4°C, then expands like other liquids above 4°C.

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How do different liquids expand?

Different liquids expand to different degrees when heated. For example, benzene expands more than water.

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Activity: Liquid Expansion Demo

This activity demonstrates that liquids expand when heated. Two flasks with water and benzene are heated. The benzene expands more, showing the difference in expansion rates.

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What causes liquid expansion?

The molecules in liquids move faster when heated. They bump into each other more, spreading further apart and increasing the overall volume of the liquid.

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What is a capillary tube?

A thin glass tube used in the experiment to show the change in liquid volume. The liquid rises in the tube as it expands.

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