20 Questions
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a solution from other types of mixtures?
Homogeneity at the particle level
Why is an alloy considered a mixture despite being a solid solution?
It shows the properties of its constituents and can have variable composition.
Provide an example of a gaseous solution mentioned in the text. Explain why it is considered a solution.
Air. It is considered a solution because it is a homogeneous mixture of gases.
How can it be determined that lemonade is a solution?
Lemonade tastes the same throughout, indicating that the particles of sugar or salt are evenly distributed.
What is the approximate composition of brass, and why does this composition vary?
Brass is approximately 30% zinc and 70% copper. The composition can vary because it is a mixture, not a compound.
Convert the following temperature to the Celsius scale: a. 300 K b. 573 K
a. 27°C b. 300°C
What is the physical state of water at a. 250°C b. 100°C?
a. Gaseous b. Liquid
For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state?
The temperature remains constant because the energy is used to break the intermolecular bonds.
Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.
Cooling followed by increasing pressure.
Do we always need to heat or change pressure for changing the state of matter? Can you quote some examples from everyday life where change of state from liquid to vapour takes place without heating or changing pressure?
No. Examples include drying of wet clothes and evaporation of sweat.
What is sublimation?
Sublimation is the change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into the liquid state.
What happens to solid carbon dioxide when the pressure is decreased to 1 atmosphere?
Solid carbon dioxide gets converted directly into a gaseous state.
How can a gas be liquefied?
A gas can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing temperature.
What term is used to describe the direct change of gas to solid without becoming a liquid?
Deposition.
Name the process in which a liquid turns into a gas below its boiling point.
Evaporation.
What factors affect the rate of evaporation?
Surface area, temperature, humidity, and wind speed.
Describe what happens to the particles of a gas when pressure is applied.
The particles come closer together.
Why is camphor used to demonstrate sublimation?
Camphor sublimates directly from solid to gas when heated.
What observation would you make if you heated camphor under an inverted funnel with a cotton plug?
Camphor would sublime, depositing on the cooler parts of the funnel.
How does wind speed affect evaporation?
Higher wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.
Study Notes
Temperature Conversion
- 300 K is equivalent to 26.85°C
- 573 K is equivalent to 299.85°C
Physical State of Water
- At 250°C, water is in the gaseous state
- At 100°C, water is in the gaseous state
Change of State
- Temperature remains constant during a change of state
- Heat or change in pressure is not always necessary for a change of state
Sublimation and Deposition
- Sublimation: direct change from solid to gas without changing into liquid state
- Deposition: direct change from gas to solid without changing into liquid state
- Examples: camphor, solid carbon dioxide (CO2) or dry ice
Factors Affecting the State of a Substance
- Applying pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases
- Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance, whether it will be solid, liquid, or gas
Interconversion of the Three States of Matter
- Sublimation: Solid to gas
- Deposition: Gas to solid
- Fusion: Solid to liquid
- Solidification: Liquid to solid
- Vaporization: Liquid to gas
- Condensation: Gas to liquid
Factors Affecting Evaporation
- Surface area: more surface area, higher the rate of evaporation
- Temperature: higher the temperature, higher the rate of evaporation
- Humidity: lower the humidity, higher the rate of evaporation
- Wind speed: higher the wind speed, higher the rate of evaporation
Evaporation
- Evaporation: change of liquid to gas at any temperature below boiling point
- Particles with different kinetic energy overcome the forces of attraction of the liquid and get converted into vapour state
- Examples: water left in an open dish, water in daily life
Solutions
- A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
- Examples: lemonade, soda water, alloys, and air
- Solutions can be liquid, solid (alloys), or gaseous (air)
- In a solution, there is homogeneity at the particle level
Quiz on thermodynamics, covering temperature conversions, physical states of water, and methods to liquefy atmospheric gases.
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