14 Questions
What is Hess's Law?
Hess's Law states that the heat change of a reaction only depends on the initial and final states, regardless of the reaction route.
What process involves heating compounds in the presence of a catalyst to form a more branched isomer, improving octane number?
Isomerisation
What is the purpose of catalytic cracking in refining petroleum?
Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones with higher octane numbers
What process involves converting straight compounds into ring compounds in the presence of a catalyst?
Dehydrocyclisation
What is steam reforming, and what are the products formed in this process?
Steam reforming is a process that produces CO and 3H₂ from water and methane.
What is the electrolysis of water, and what are the products formed at the cathode and anode?
Electrolysis of water is a process that produces hydrogen at the cathode and oxygen at the anode.
What are the two main processes for producing hydrogen gas?
Steam reforming and electrolysis of water
What type of reaction is characterized by the release of heat, and what is the sign of ∆H in this type of reaction?
An exothermic reaction, and ∆H is negative.
What is the octane number a measure of, and what are the two compounds used as references in the octane scale?
The octane number is a measure of a fuel's tendency to resist auto-ignition, and the two compounds used as references are 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (octane number = 100) and heptane (octane number = 0).
What is the heat of combustion of a substance, and what is the condition for this heat change?
The heat of combustion of a substance is the heat change in kilojoules when one mole of the substance is completely burned in excess oxygen.
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy, and what is the implication of this law in terms of energy transformation?
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change from one form to another.
What is the bond energy of a molecule, and what is the unit of measurement?
The bond energy is the amount of energy in kJ needed to break one mole of bonds of the same type, all species being in the gaseous state.
What are the three factors that affect the octane number of a molecule?
The three factors that affect the octane number of a molecule are chain length, degree of branching, and cyclic structure.
What is the kilogram calorific value of a fuel?
The kilogram calorific value is the amount of heat energy produced per kg of fuel.
Understand the concepts of exothermic and endothermic reactions, including heat of reaction, auto-ignition, and the octane number. Learn how to determine the heat of reaction (∆H) and its sign.
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