Thermoanalytical Methods Review: TGA and EGA
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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of placing the sample relative to the balance and furnace in TGA, and how many possibilities are there?

The sample holder and furnace must not be in contact. There are 3 main possibilities to place the sample relative to the balance and furnace.

What is the role of a PC in modern TGA instruments, and what features does it provide?

The PC is incorporated into most commercially available instruments to control heating and cooling cycles, store data, and handle data. It also helps resolve overlapping thermal reactions.

What is the purpose of the 1st derivative of the Dm vs.T (DTG) curve in TGA, and when is it used?

The 1st derivative of the Dm vs.T (DTG) curve is used to resolve overlapping thermal reactions. It is used when there are multiple thermal reactions occurring simultaneously.

What are the different types of water that can be expelled during TGA, and how are they differentiated?

<p>The different types of water are bulk water, absorbed water, and constitutional water. They are differentiated by their expulsion temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the water/moisture content calculated in TGA, and what is the formula used?

<p>The water/moisture content is calculated using the formula: (D/A) × 100%. Where D is the mass loss and A is the initial mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the DTG curve a measure of in thermogravimetry?

<p>The rate of mass change (dm/dt = f(T))</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the maximum (or minimum) of the DTG curve in relation to the TG curve?

<p>It corresponds to a point of inflection in the TG curve, where mass is lost (or gained) more rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using DTG in thermogravimetry?

<p>It provides a better distinction of overlapped steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the analysis of Copper Sulfate Penta Hydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), what is the significance of the three endothermic processes?

<p>They correspond to the loss of water molecules (2 H2O, 2 H2O, and 1 H2O) at specific temperatures (75°C, 113°C, and 250°C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the area under the DTG curve?

<p>It is proportional to the mass change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of initially heating the coal sample in an inert atmosphere during a thermogravimetry analysis?

<p>To measure the amount of moisture and volatiles present in the sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of switching the atmosphere from inert to oxidizing during a thermogravimetry analysis of coal?

<p>To burn the carbon and measure the carbon and ash content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using a sample robot in thermogravimetry analysis?

<p>It allows for the preparation of multiple samples at the same time and enables overnight or weekend measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is evolved gas analysis (EGA) used for in thermogravimetry?

<p>To analyze the gases evolved during the thermogravimetry analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to minimize the exposure of thermogravimetry samples to air?

<p>To prevent the loss of moisture or absorption of water, which can affect the accuracy of the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA) in Thermogravimetry (TGA), and how does it correlate with TGA data?

<p>The primary purpose of EGA is to identify and analyze the gases evolved during thermal decomposition, which correlates with TGA data by providing additional information on the chemical composition of the gases released.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG), what does the peak of the DTG curve represent, and what information does it provide?

<p>The peak of the DTG curve represents the maximum rate of weight loss, providing information on the temperature and rate of thermal decomposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of water content analysis in TGA, and how is it affected by heating rates?

<p>Water content analysis in TGA is significant in understanding the moisture content of materials, which is affected by heating rates that can influence the accuracy of water content measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind Thermogravimetry (TGA), and what type of information does it provide?

<p>The principle behind TGA is to measure the weight change of a sample as a function of temperature, providing information on thermal decomposition, phase transitions, and moisture content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the DTG curve in relation to the TG curve in Thermogravimetry, and what information does it provide?

<p>The DTG curve represents the rate of weight change, providing information on the thermal decomposition rates and temperatures, which correlates with the TG curve to provide a comprehensive understanding of thermal decomposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hermetically sealing samples in thermogravimetry?

<p>To prevent contamination or loss of sample during storage and handling prior to measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of variations in mass can occur in thermogravimetry?

<p>Loss of mass (vapor emission) or gain of mass (gas fixation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of evolved gas analysis (EGA) in thermogravimetry?

<p>It allows for the detection of the type of gas evolved during decomposition or desorption of a heated sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of a thermogravimetry instrument?

<p>Balance, thermobalance, furnace, sample chamber, instrument control/data handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using a simultaneous TG-MS-EGA instrument?

<p>It enables the simultaneous analysis of both the weight change and the evolved gases during a thermogravimetric experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of thermogravimetry in determining the purity of a sample?

<p>To determine the decomposition behavior of the sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is evolved gas analysis used for in thermogravimetry?

<p>To identify the gases evolved during the decomposition process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) in thermogravimetry?

<p>It provides a more detailed analysis of the thermal decomposition process by highlighting the rate of weight change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the water content of a sample determined using thermogravimetry?

<p>By measuring the weight loss corresponding to the evaporation of water or moisture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curve a measure of in thermogravimetry?

<p>The rate of change of mass with respect to temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle of thermogravimetry, and how is it used to analyze materials?

<p>The primary principle of thermogravimetry is the measurement of the variation in mass of a sample as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere. It is used to analyze materials by providing information on decomposition, oxidation, and other thermal reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information can be obtained from the derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curve?

<p>The DTG curve provides information on the rate of mass change with respect to temperature or time, allowing for the identification of reaction peaks and kinetic analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is evolved gas analysis, and how is it used in thermogravimetry?

<p>Evolved gas analysis (EGA) is a technique used to analyze the gases evolved during a thermogravimetric experiment. It is used to identify and quantify the gases produced during thermal decomposition or reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of moisture content in materials, and how is it analyzed using thermogravimetry?

<p>Moisture content is an important parameter in materials science, affecting material properties and stability. Thermogravimetry can be used to analyze moisture content by measuring the mass loss associated with water evaporation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some typical applications of thermogravimetry in materials science and industry?

<p>Thermogravimetry has applications in materials characterization, quality control, process control, and decomposition analysis in fields such as polymers, pharmaceuticals, and ceramics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the atmosphere affect the results of a thermogravimetric analysis?

<p>The atmosphere used in thermogravimetry can significantly affect the results, as it can influence the thermal behavior of the material, such as oxidation or decomposition reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the temperature range in thermogravimetry, and how is it selected?

<p>The temperature range is critical in thermogravimetry, as it determines the thermal events that are observed. The selection of the temperature range depends on the material and the desired information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using thermogravimetry for materials characterization?

<p>Thermogravimetry provides valuable information on material properties, such as thermal stability, decomposition, and moisture content, making it a powerful tool for materials characterization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does thermogravimetry differ from other thermal analysis techniques, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)?

<p>Thermogravimetry measures the change in mass of a sample as a function of temperature, whereas DSC measures the heat flow. TGA is particularly useful for analyzing materials with significant mass changes during thermal events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of sample preparation in thermogravimetry, and how can it affect the results?

<p>Sample preparation is critical in thermogravimetry, as the sample must be representative of the material and free from contamination. Improper sample preparation can lead to inaccurate results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between thermogravimetry and other thermal analysis techniques?

<p>The primary difference is that thermogravimetry measures mass changes, whereas other techniques measure other properties such as heat flow or dimensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of simultaneous measurements in thermoanalytical techniques?

<p>Simultaneous measurements provide a more comprehensive understanding of the sample by allowing for the measurement of multiple properties at once.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the atmosphere in thermogravimetric analysis?

<p>The atmosphere affects the results of the analysis, and can be controlled to simulate different conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of computer-controlled instruments in thermoanalytics?

<p>Computer-controlled instruments provide data processing and sample handling capabilities, allowing for more efficient and accurate analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of thermogravimetry in determining sample purity?

<p>Thermogravimetry can determine sample purity by measuring the mass changes associated with impurities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between thermogravimetry and thermal analysis?

<p>Thermogravimetry is a subgroup of thermal analysis techniques, which study the properties of a sample as a function of temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thermal analysis in materials science and industry?

<p>Thermal analysis is used to understand the thermal properties of materials and their behavior under different conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle behind thermogravimetric analysis?

<p>The primary principle is that the mass of the sample changes as a function of temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the temperature program in thermogravimetric analysis?

<p>The temperature program determines the conditions under which the sample is analyzed, and can be tailored to simulate different scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of evolved gas analysis in thermogravimetry?

<p>Evolved gas analysis is used to identify and quantify the gases produced during thermogravimetric analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the furnace in a thermogravimetry instrument?

<p>The primary function of the furnace is to heat the sample to a controlled temperature, usually in a specific range, depending on the material used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the sample chamber in a thermogravimetry instrument?

<p>The sample chamber is where the sample is placed, and it is designed to ensure that there is no contact between the sample holder and the furnace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the type of pan used in the instrument affect the results of a thermogravimetry analysis?

<p>The type of pan used can affect the results of a thermogravimetry analysis, as it can influence the sample's heating rate and the accuracy of the mass measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the null-point weighing balance in a thermogravimetry instrument?

<p>The null-point weighing balance ensures that the sample remains in the same heating zone, allowing for accurate mass measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using an isothermal or quasi-isothermal technique in thermogravimetry?

<p>The advantage of using an isothermal or quasi-isothermal technique is that it allows for the resolution of overlapping thermal reactions, providing more accurate results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curve in thermogravimetry?

<p>The DTG curve provides the rate of mass change at any temperature, with the height of the peak curve representing the rate of mass change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ceramic crucibles in sample handling for TGA and DSC?

<p>The ceramic crucibles are used to store the samples, and the lid is removed just before the experiment, allowing for accurate measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of minimizing the exposure of thermogravimetry samples to air?

<p>Minimizing the exposure of thermogravimetry samples to air is important to prevent loss of moisture or absorption of water, which can affect the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the PC in modern TGA instruments?

<p>The PC is used to store data and monitor heating and cooling cycles, providing a digital platform for data analysis and processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of electrostatic effects in thermogravimetry?

<p>Electrostatic effects can affect the results of a thermogravimetry analysis, as they can influence the sample's mass measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a reference sample in Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)?

<p>To provide a baseline or a standard against which the sample can be compared, and to ensure accurate measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Thermodilometry (TD) and Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)?

<p>TD measures thermal expansion without an external load or stress, while TMA measures changes in dimension of a material when the temperature changes, with or without an external load or stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of measuring the storage modulus (E') in Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)?

<p>It represents the material's ability to store energy when deformed, and is associated with the elastic behaviour of the material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding a plasticizer to a polymer in DSC?

<p>To change the properties of the polymer, such as lowering its glass transition temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of energy measurement in Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)?

<p>Joules per second (J/s), which is equivalent to Watts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)?

<p>TMA measures dimensional changes under a constant load, while DMA measures the response of a material to a dynamic load.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using alumina or silicon carbide as a reference sample in DSC?

<p>Because they have a similar thermal expansion to the sample being tested, and do not undergo thermal transitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)?

<p>It helps understand how materials behave under different conditions like temperature and frequency, and provides information on both elastic and viscous behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the heat flow in Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)?

<p>It represents the energy absorbed or released by the sample as it is heated or cooled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of clamping the sample in Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)?

<p>To ensure that the deformation and stress are accurately transmitted to the material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adding a plasticizer to a polymer?

<p>It increases the free volume, allowing polymer chains to slide past each other more easily, thereby lowering the glass transition temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the glass transition temperature of a polymer as the plasticizer content increases?

<p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of a material above its glass transition temperature?

<p>Rubbery-elastic state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Hyper DSC?

<p>To detect transitions that are missed in conventional DSC systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range of the cooling system in Hyper DSC?

<p>From -180°C to 600°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using low-mass furnaces in Hyper DSC?

<p>Reduced analysis time and high throughput.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of closed-loop operation in Hyper DSC?

<p>To enable true isothermal measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of calorimetry in Hyper DSC?

<p>It provides accurate specific heat analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of losing plasticizer on the glass transition temperature of a material?

<p>It increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of optimizing materials using plasticizers?

<p>To make them easier to work with and more suitable for specific uses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect the mass and temperature measurements in thermogravimetry?

<p>Sample size and packing, heating rate, type of pan used in the instrument, gas flow, electrostatic effects, condensation and reaction, buoyancy, sample holder, and reaction enthalpy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are samples typically handled in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)?

<p>Samples are airtight sealed, and the lid is pierced just before measurements are taken. They are stored in ceramic crucibles, and the lid is removed just before the experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)?

<p>DTA measures the temperature difference against a reference sample, while DSC measures the difference in heating power needed on a sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does thermomechanical analysis (TMA) measure?

<p>TMA measures changes in the dimension of a material when the temperature changes and when the level of stress on the material changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two moduli measured in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)?

<p>Storage modulus (E') and loss modulus (E''), representing the material's ability to store energy when deformed and the material's ability to dissipate energy as heat, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding plasticizers to polymers?

<p>Plasticizers modify the properties of amorphous materials (i.e., polymers) by decreasing the glass transition temperature with increasing plasticizer content, making the material more rubbery-elastic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using hyper DSC over conventional DSC systems?

<p>Hyper DSC uses two small, low-mass furnaces to heat and cool rapidly, providing better resolution and higher sensitivity, enabling the detection of transitions missed in conventional DSC systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of evolved gas analysis (EGA) in thermogravimetry?

<p>EGA is used to study the gas evolved from a heated sample undergoing decomposition/desorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plasticizers affect the glass transition temperature of a material?

<p>Plasticizers decrease the glass transition temperature with increasing plasticizer content, making the material more rubbery-elastic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)?

<p>DMA studies how materials respond to forces (stress) and stretching (strain) in a dynamic and changing way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thermal analysis, and what is the main variable being monitored in this process?

<p>Thermal analysis is a group of techniques in which a property of the sample is monitored against time or temperature while the temperature of the sample is programmed. The main variable being monitored is the property of the sample, such as mass, volatiles, temperature, heat, or heat flux, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of properties that can be monitored during thermal analysis?

<p>The properties that can be monitored include mass, volatiles, temperature, heat or heat flux, dimensions, acoustical properties, electrical properties, magnetic properties, optical properties, and radioactive decay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of thermogravimetry (TG) in thermal analysis?

<p>TG determines sample purity, decomposition behavior, and chemical kinetics by measuring the changes in the mass of the sample as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the essential components of a thermogravimetry (TG) instrument?

<p>The essential components include the balance and furnace (thermobalance), sample chamber, and instrument to control data handling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of thermogravimetry (TG) analysis?

<p>The primary purpose of TG analysis is to determine sample purity, decomposition behavior, and chemical kinetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in thermal analysis?

<p>DSC is a technique that measures the heat or heat flux of a sample as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of thermal analysis techniques are used to monitor the properties of a sample?

<p>Thermogravimetry (TG), Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermodilatometry (TD), Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Thermosonimetry, Thermoacoustimetry, Thermoelectrometry, Thermomagnetometry, and Thermooptometry are some of the thermal analysis techniques used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA) in thermogravimetry?

<p>EGA is used to analyze the gases that are evolved during a thermogravimetry analysis, providing information about the decomposition behavior of a sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Thermodilatometry (TD) in thermal analysis?

<p>The primary purpose of TD is to measure the changes in the dimensions of a sample as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) in thermal analysis?

<p>DMA is used to measure the mechanical properties of a sample as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere, providing information about the viscoelastic behavior of a sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Here are the study notes in markdown format:

Thermogravimetry (TGA)

  • Measures the variation in mass of a sample as a function of temperature (or time) in a controlled atmosphere
  • Essential components:
    • Balance
    • Thermobalance
    • Furnace
    • Sample chamber
    • Instrument control/data handling
  • Applications:
    • Drying/water content determination
    • Decomposition behavior
    • Chemical kinetics
    • Sample purity determination

Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA)

  • Studies the gas evolved from a heated sample that undergoes decomposition or desorption
  • Can be coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), or Gas Chromatography (GC) for evolved gas detection (EGD)

Thermogravimetry (TG) Instrumentation

  • TG instruments:
    • PerkinElmer, USA
    • Mettler Tolledo, Switzerland
    • SETARAM Instrumentation, France
  • Sample handling:
    • Samples are hermetically sealed and lid is pierced just before measurement
    • Samples are stored in ceramic crucible and lid is removed just before experiment

TG-EGA

  • Simultaneous TG-MS-EGA for Calcium Oxalate CaC2O4.H2O
  • Applications:
    • Materials' characterization
    • Polymers Material analysis
    • Pharmaceuticals
    • Quality control
    • Ceramics
    • Process control
    • Metals
    • Alloys

Derivative Curve (DTG)

  • Records the rate of mass change (dm/dt) vs. temperature
  • Area under the DTG curve is proportional to the mass change
  • Height of DTG peak at any temperature gives the rate of mass change
  • Maximum or minimum of DTG curve corresponds to a point of inflection in TG curve

Applications of TG

  • Materials:
    • Composition
    • Content
    • Purity
    • Effect of moisture
    • Storage stability
  • Chemical changes:
    • Decomposition
    • Pyrolysis
    • Oxidation
    • Stability
  • Physical properties:
    • Specific heat capacity
    • Expansion coefficient and behavior
    • Viscoelastic behavior
    • Elastic modulus

Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O)

  • Three endothermic processes:
    • 75°C: loss of 2 H2O
    • 113°C: loss of 2 H2O
    • 250°C: loss of 1 H2O

Handling of Samples

  • Sample robot (for TGA and DSC)

  • Advantages:

    • Preparation of set of samples at the same time
    • Overnight (weekend) measurements

  • Two ways:

    • Automatic loading
    • Automatic open### Thermogravimetry (TG)

  • Measures changes in the mass of a sample as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere

  • Loss of mass indicates vapour emission, while gain of mass indicates gas fixation

  • Essential components of the TG instrument:

    • Balance and furnace (thermobalance)
    • Sample chamber
    • Instrument to control data handling

  • Analytical balance has a sensitivity of 1 microgram and can measure samples from 10 to 50 micrograms

  • Different types of balance mechanisms can be used, including:

    • Beam spring
    • Cantilever
    • Torsion balance
    • Null-point weighing balance
    • Electromagnetic balance

Furnace

  • Temperature range depends on the materials used
  • Fused quartz tubes and kanthal-type heating elements can reach up to 1100°C
  • Ceramic refractories such as alumina or mullite can reach up to 1500-1700°C
  • Temperature reading above 1500°C can indicate material problems with the heating element, furnace construction, or thermocouples

Sample Handling

  • Samples are airtight sealed and the lid is pierced just before measurements are taken
  • Samples are stored in ceramic crucibles and the lid is removed just before the experiments
  • Samples can be stored in sample changers to prevent loss of moisture or absorption of water

Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA)

  • Studies the gas evolved from a heated sample undergoing decomposition/desorption
  • Often coupled with techniques such as mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to identify the gases produced

Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

  • DTA measures the temperature difference against a reference sample
  • DSC measures the difference in heating power needed on a sample
  • Both methods measure heat flows and temperatures with transition in materials as functions of time and temperature upon heating and cooling in a controlled atmosphere

Factors Affecting Mass and Temperature Measurements

  • Sample size and packing
  • Heating rate
  • Type of pan used in the instrument
  • Gas flow (atmosphere the instrument is in)
  • Electrostatic effects
  • Condensation and reaction
  • Buoyancy
  • Sample holder
  • Reaction enthalpy

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Thermoanalytical Methods: Lecture 1 PDF

Description

Review the principles and applications of thermoanalytical methods, including Thermogravimetry (TGA) and Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA). Learn about the different furnace configurations and sample holders used in TGA.

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