Thermal Properties of Matter

The heat lost by the aluminium sphere is calculated using the formula $m_1 s_{Al} \Delta T = 0.047 kg \times s_{Al} \times 77 °C$.

The change in temperature is $\Delta T_2 = 23 °C - 20 °C = 3 °C$.

In steady state, the heat lost by the aluminium sphere equals the heat gained by the water and the calorimeter.

<p>The heat gained is expressed as $m_2 s_w \Delta T_2 + m_3 s_{cu} \Delta T_2$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The melting point is the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in thermal equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two common changes of state are from solid to liquid (melting) and from liquid to solid (freezing).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temperature remains constant during the entire process until the phase change is complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A normal melting point is defined as the melting point of a substance at standard atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Latent heat is the amount of heat per unit mass transferred during a change of state of a substance, without a change in temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As heat is added, the temperature of the ice increases until it reaches 0 °C, at which point the heat causes the ice to begin melting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closing the steam outlet increases the pressure, stopping the boiling, as more heat is required to raise the temperature further and continue the phase change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding more heat to boiling water causes vaporization without an increase in temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The boiling point of water increases with increasing pressure, requiring more heat to initiate boiling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The principle is that the heat gained by one part of a system is equal to the heat lost by another part at different temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is determined by measuring the heat lost by a heated solid and the heat gained by a surrounding substance at a lower temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temperature change is $77 °C$ (calculated as $100 °C - 23 °C$).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An isolated system means there is no exchange or transfer of heat between the system and its surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The copper calorimeter absorbs heat from the aluminium sphere and the water, helping to measure the total heat exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The water's temperature rises and stabilizes at 23 °C after heat absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At steady state, the heat lost by the aluminium sphere equals the total heat gained by the water and the calorimeter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three components are involved: the aluminium sphere, the water, and the copper calorimeter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thermal stress developed is $2.4 × 10^{7} N m^{-2}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The iron ring should be heated to 218 °C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The coefficient of area expansion is twice the linear expansivity, $rac{∆A/A}{∆T} = 2α_l$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bubbles begin to move upward, indicating that water is boiling, which relates to specific heat capacity as energy is absorbed to change the temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific heat capacity measures the heat absorbed or given off to change the temperature of unit mass by one unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies that thermal expansion or contraction can lead to deformation, affecting the structural integrity of fixed rails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>You need the initial temperature, diameters of the ring and rim, and the material's linear expansivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship is represented as $L_{T2} = L_{T1} [1 + α_l (T2 - T1)]$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75600 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3.35 × 10^5 J kg–1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1005000 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1255800 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat conduction transfers thermal energy from the hot end of the rod to the cooler end due to temperature differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gases have large intermolecular distances, which reduces their ability to transfer heat compared to solids and liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total heat = 3,206,400 J</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors include material type, temperature gradient, and cross-sectional area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copper promotes uniform heat distribution over the bottom of a pot, enhancing cooking efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plastic foams are good insulators because they contain pockets of air, which are poor conductors of heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concrete roofs absorb heat and become hot during summer days due to their thermal conductivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air has a much lower thermal conductivity than copper, making it a poor heat conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The steel rod measures 15.0 cm and the copper rod measures 10.0 cm in length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The insulating material reduces heat loss from the sides of the rods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Under steady state conditions, the heat current through the steel rod equals the heat current through the copper rod.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thermal conductivity of steel is 50.2 J s –1 m –1 K –1 and that of copper is 385 J s–1 m –1 K –1.</p> Signup and view all the answers