Thermal Properties of Matter

A measure of a steel material's stiffness, quantifying its resistance to deformation under stress.

Stress induced in a material due to changes in temperature.

The fractional change in length of a material per degree change in temperature.

How much a material's area changes per degree change in temperature.

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit of mass by one degree.

The phase change of a liquid to a gas.

Increase in the size of an object caused by heating.

A force applied from outside the system/object.

A system where no heat transfer occurs between the system and its surroundings.

The measurement of heat.

Heat flows from a hotter part to a cooler part within the system until they reach thermal equilibrium (same temperature).

In an isolated system, the heat lost by a warmer object is equal to the heat gained by a cooler object.

The specific heat of a material can be calculated by determining the heat lost by a hot object and the heat gained by a cooler one.

The state where the temperature of different parts of a system become equal.

A stage of equilibrium in a system where the temperature of the system remain stable.

The amount of heat energy absorbed or released per unit mass during a change of state (e.g., melting, freezing, boiling, condensation) without changing the temperature.

A transformation of a substance from one physical form to another, like solid to liquid (melting), liquid to gas (boiling), or vice versa.

The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.

The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas.

During a change of state, adding heat doesn't increase the temperature. Instead, it's used to break the bonds between molecules, resulting in a phase change.

The change of state from solid to liquid. It is the process of melting.

A state where two objects or systems have the same temperature and no net heat transfer occurs between them.

The movement of heat energy from a hotter object or system to a cooler one.

Heat transfer is essential for changes of state. Adding heat to a solid can cause it to melt, while removing heat from a gas can cause it to condense.

The specific heat capacity of a substance determines how much heat energy is required to raise its temperature. This is relevant in calculating heat changes during changes of state.

During a change of state, the added heat energy is used to break the bonds between molecules, changing the state, rather than increasing the temperature. Hence, the temperature remains constant.

There are three primary ways heat energy moves: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct contact, convection relies on fluid movement, and radiation uses electromagnetic waves.

Heat transfer through direct contact between objects or parts of an object at different temperatures. Heat flows from the hotter to the colder region.

Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases), where warmer, less dense fluid rises and cooler, denser fluid sinks, creating a circulation.

Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves, which can travel through a vacuum. It doesn't require a medium like conduction or convection.

To determine the total heat energy required to change the state of matter, you need to consider several factors: the mass of the substance, its specific heat capacity, and the temperature changes and phase changes involved.

The amount of heat energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point without a temperature change.

The amount of heat energy required to change a substance from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point without a temperature change.

A measure of how well a material conducts heat. Materials with high thermal conductivity transfer heat quickly, while those with low conductivity are good insulators.

A material that resists the flow of heat energy. It prevents heat from transferring easily.

Copper has a high thermal conductivity, allowing heat to distribute evenly across the bottom of the pot, ensuring uniform cooking.

Plastic foams contain pockets of air, which is a poor conductor of heat. This trapped air slows down heat transfer, making the foam an effective insulator.

Concrete has a higher thermal conductivity than air, so it absorbs heat quickly from the sun. This heat transfer makes the roof very hot.

Insulation, like earth or foam, reduces heat transfer. It creates a barrier between the hot roof and the cooler interior, preventing the heat from entering the house.