Lecture #1 - Principles of Assessment

What is the significance of subjective and objective data in assessments?

How do validity and reliability contribute to the effectiveness of assessments?

Differentiate between inter-rater reliability and intra-rater reliability.

What do sensitivity and specificity indicate regarding diagnostic tests?

Explain the role of clinical reasoning in therapy decision-making.

What is the main purpose of ongoing assessments in therapy treatment?

How does professional craft knowledge differ from personal knowledge in clinical reasoning?

In the context of differential diagnosis, what are the three critical considerations a clinician should explore?

What role does clinical reasoning play in differentiating between similar diseases?

Explain the importance of validity in assessments.

What is the difference between hardware and software issues in assessment?

Define specificity in the context of diagnostic tests.

What outcome results from the interaction of professional, personal, and professional craft knowledge?

What is the desired duration for holding each reflex test during assessment?

When re-testing for reflexes, what should you avoid doing?

How are reflexes graded in a clinical assessment?

Which type of reflex arc is primarily involved in deep tendon reflex testing?

What technique is applied to enhance reflex testing in the lower extremities?

What must the patient be during reflex assessments?

What is the most neglected range of motion (ROM) in assessments?

What two aspects can significantly reduce the number of steps in a clinical assessment?

What is the primary reason you should not perform palpation first in an assessment?

What should be your approach when something aggravates the patient during functional testing?

What role does inspection of the non-injured limb serve during an examination?

In assessing range of motion (ROM), what constitutes the anatomical barrier?

What two types of tissues are tested during Active Range of Motion (AROM)?

What must the patient be for Passive Range of Motion (PROM) testing?

List one reason when passive movements may be deemed unnecessary.

In Isometric Muscle Testing (ISOM), what is the purpose of the phrase 'don’t let me move you'?

What are the three types of normal end feel in joint assessments?

What does a normal AROM and restricted PROM indicate?

What are the five functions that special tests are designed to evaluate?

What is measured in a neurological assessment's sensory component?

What does a larger index of suspicion indicate about patient assessment?

Why should clinicians avoid using the term 'diagnosis' in their assessments?

What does the grading scale for ISOM testing categorize as a 3/5?

What are the four general steps of informed consent?

In terms of motion direction during joint play, which three motions are primarily assessed?

List three of the seven purposes of documentation in clinical practice.

When performing neurological testing, what method is used for assessing motor function?

What acronym represents the documentation requirements, and what does the 'C' stand for?

What determines the quality of end feel during PROM testing?

What is the correct order of the SOAP format in documentation?

Name one of the two aspects of verbal communication in a healthcare context?

What are the eight aspects of non-verbal communication?

How many critical rule-outs should be performed during an assessment?

What is one of the six things to do throughout your assessment?

During a history taking, what should be avoided to ensure clarity?

What information do the three components 'FAV' in observation gather?

What is the primary focus during an evaluation in terms of aspects?

What should a therapist possess after a comprehensive subjective assessment?

What constitutes a 'red flag' in history taking related to back issues?

What three areas are essential for spinal history taking, represented by MMFFCV?

What observation should be made regarding a patient's knees during assessment?

Describe Pottenger's saucer and its significance in assessment.

List the eight factors influencing posture represented by the acronym 'Hyper, Hypo, Leg, Lack, Pain, Neuro, Muscle, Density, Bone.'

What is the main purpose of performing a scanning exam?

Explain the difference between clearing and scanning in musculoskeletal assessment.

Identify the six cases when a scanning exam is indicated based on the acronym 'DIALReScue.'

What does regional interdependence imply in musculoskeletal assessment?

Name the first step of a lower quadrant scanning exam.

What does the term 'dynamic observations' encompass in a spinal assessment?

Why is it recommended to start testing non-painful movements first in an evaluation?

In the context of spinal assessments, what does 'hyperreflexia' indicate?

What is the significance of observing a patient's breathing patterns during an assessment?

How does pain influence posture according to the provided information?

What are the reflex tests associated with the following levels: C4, C5, C6, and C7?

What should be taken into account regarding patient and therapist positioning during examinations?

What is the main difference between subjective data and objective data in assessments?

How do sensitivity and specificity relate to the effectiveness of diagnostic tests?

What is the role of clinical reasoning in the differential diagnosis process?

What three considerations are essential for clinicians when performing a differential diagnosis?

In the context of assessments, what is meant by 'hardware' and 'software' issues?

Why is ongoing assessment essential in therapy treatment?

How does the interaction of professional, personal, and professional craft knowledge influence clinical decision making?

What does 'validity' signify in the context of assessments?

What is the proper duration for holding each reflex during assessment?

How many times should deep tendon reflex tests be performed?

What is a key technique to use during lower extremity reflex testing?

What should you do with movements that aggravate the patient's condition during functional testing?

When should palpation be performed in an examination process?

What are the three main principles to follow during palpation?

What two factors can significantly decrease the number of steps in a clinical assessment?

What are the seven Ts of palpation used to describe findings?

What is the most often overlooked range of motion during assessments?

What does an increased index of suspicion indicate about a clinician's assessment approach?

What are the components included in the ongoing process of informed consent?

Why is documentation considered a legal requirement in clinical practice?

What does the acronym 'SOAP' stand for in clinical documentation?

In assessment, why should a clinician avoid leading questions during history taking?

What is the main focus of observation during a patient assessment?

What are the expectations for attention focus throughout the assessment process?

What should a therapist have after completing a comprehensive subjective assessment?

List three of the six documentation requirements represented by the acronym 'CCASSEL'.

Why is paraphrasing used during a patient assessment?

What are the four essential components of the 16 steps of an assessment?

What is the significance of the 20 history red flags during patient interviews?

What does the term 'functional deficits' refer to in the context of patient observation?

Name two aspects of non-verbal communication important in clinical settings.

What does the Pottenger’s saucer relate to in terms of spinal health?

Name two factors influencing posture according to the acronym 'Hyper, Hypo, Leg, Lack, Pain, Neuro, Muscle, Density, Bone.'

What do the terms 'clearing' and 'scanning' refer to in the context of a physical assessment?

What is the mechanism behind the concept of regional interdependence?

List two components examined during an upper quadrant scanning exam.

What is the purpose of testing the non-painful movements first during an examination?

Which spinal pathologies can be indicated by long track signs or symptoms?

What should be the therapist's positioning focus during an assessment?

What is assessed in a neurological evaluation's motor function component?

How can skin conditions be relevant during a spinal examination?

What is dynamic observation in the context of spinal assessment?

What role does inspection of the non-injured limb play during the examination process?

Explain the difference between Active Range of Motion (AROM) and Passive Range of Motion (PROM).

What does the ‘inverted T’ observation examine?

What are the three components of neurological testing?

What are some common patterns associated with shingle outbreaks?

What is assessed during the lower quadrant scanning exam regarding reflexes?

Name the three types of normal end feel during joint assessments.

In which circumstances may passive movements be deemed unnecessary?

What does the term 'elastic barrier' refer to in terms of range of motion?

Identify the two types of tissues evaluated during Active Range of Motion (AROM) testing.

What does a restricted AROM and normal PROM typically indicate?

Outline the grading categories for Isometric Muscle Testing (ISOM).

What should be evaluated during Passive Range of Motion (PROM) testing?

What does ISOM testing primarily assess?

Why is the empty end feel the most difficult to understand during assessments?

Describe the three types of muscle tissue tested during AROM.

What is the importance of evaluating the quality of movement during AROM testing?

How do subjective and objective data complement each other in assessments?

In clinical reasoning, why is it important to consider life-threatening pathologies alongside common conditions?

What is the significance of ongoing assessments in the clinical reasoning process?

Why is the concept of reliability fundamental in assessments, particularly in intra-rater testing?

What role does differential diagnosis play in the assessment process?

How does the interplay of professional, personal, and craft knowledge enhance clinical decision-making?

In what ways can hardware and software issues impact patient assessments?

How does the assumption of normative data influence clinical reasoning?

When performing reflex tests, what is the purpose of using the Jendrassik's maneuver?

How many superficial reflexes are mentioned that indicate upper motor neuron lesions?

Which reflex grading indicates no response during an assessment?

What should be the primary focus during palpation in a clinical assessment?

How is the duration for holding reflex tests structured in an assessment?

Which two factors can notably reduce the number of steps during a clinical assessment?

What is the importance of performing palpation after other tests in an assessment?

What indicates hyper reflexivity during reflex testing?

What is the recommended approach when initial functional tests aggravate the patient?

What does having more than three items on your index of suspicion typically indicate?

Why should the term 'diagnosis' be avoided in the context of clinical impressions?

What is one key principle to follow when conducting patient assessments?

What acronym represents the general steps required for informed consent?

What are the two components encompassed by verbal communication in a healthcare context?

What should a therapist possess following a comprehensive subjective assessment?

During observation, which three types of information should be gathered based on the acronym FAV?

What do the components of the documentation acronym CCASSEL emphasize?

In the context of an assessment, what does the term 'non-verbal communication' encompass?

What is the importance of maintaining patient confidentiality during documentation?

What does an increase in muscle testing scores during ISOM indicate?

How many critical rule-outs should be performed during a comprehensive assessment?

What role does patience play in the observation process during patient assessments?

What should you do if you experience difficulty understanding a patient’s response during history taking?

What do selective tissue tests provide a reference for?

What is the primary purpose of conducting a joint stability test?

In assessing Active Range of Motion (AROM), what are the two types of tissues being tested?

What does the elastic barrier refer to in joint assessment?

What are the three aspects you should evaluate during AROM?

Why is patient relaxation crucial during Passive Range of Motion (PROM) testing?

What does an empty end feel during a joint assessment indicate?

How is Isometric Muscle Testing (ISOM) primarily performed?

What are the three common directions of movement in joint play?

What is the grading scale for ISOM testing's highest score, and what does it represent?

What two general purposes do special tests serve for a clinician?

What is primarily assessed during the neurological testing's sensory component?

What does a restricted AROM with normal PROM suggest about the patient?

What does the acronym WASPSKICKeDRIBSC represent in spinal observation?

How can Pottenger's saucer affect kyphotic curves, and what is its implication?

Describe one factor influencing posture and provide an example.

What is the primary difference between scanning and clearing examinations?

Explain the concept of regional interdependence in musculoskeletal assessments.

List the five steps involved in an upper quadrant scanning exam.

What are the importance and implications of testing the non-painful movements first?

Identify a characteristic of joint dysfunction as related to pain from spinal origin.

Describe one significant observation factor in the assessment of breathing patterns.

What does the acronym DIALReScue stand for in the context of scanning exams?

What is the role of patient positioning in clinical assessments?

How does the order of performing painful movements affect the assessment process?

Explain the significance of knee alignment in spinal assessments.

What is a common neurological pathology that may present with scapula winging?

What type of data cannot be specifically verified?

Sensitivity measures the probability of a positive test result in someone without the pathology.

What is the main purpose of differential diagnosis?

Reliability refers to the extent to which comparable results are achieved every time a test is ________.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Which of the following best describes hardware issues in assessments?

Intra-rater reliability involves multiple people performing the same task.

Name one of the three knowledge systems involved in clinical reasoning.

How many sides should be tested at one time during assessment?

The Jendrassik’s maneuver must be engaged for all reflex tests if used for one.

What is the grading scale for reflex responses?

The most undervalued range of motion is __________.

Match the reflex type with its description:

What should you avoid doing when re-testing a reflex?

Palpation should be performed before other tests during an assessment.

What are the three main principles of palpation?

In a gross assessment of blood flow, __________ refill is a key indicator.

Which of the following is NOT one of the new aspects of observation for spinal assessment?

Winging of the scapula is a common sign of musculoskeletal dysfunction due to neurological pathology.

What is the acronym used for the factors influencing posture?

_____ is a common adult form of chickenpox characterized by a dermatomal presentation.

Match the following observations with their primary focus:

Which of the following scenarios indicates that a scanning exam is appropriate?

Regional interdependence implies that musculoskeletal symptoms can be affected by distant body regions.

What is the primary purpose of a joint stability test?

What does the 'DIALReScue' acronym represent?

In assessing the upper quadrant, the joint tested first should be the _____ side.

Passive Range of Motion (PROM) should always provide more range than Active Range of Motion (AROM).

What does AROM stand for?

Which step is performed last during a lower quadrant scanning assessment?

Pain is frequently referred from distal to proximal sites in musculoskeletal assessments.

The _____ barrier refers to what the joint is actually able to move compared to what the patient can reach.

Match each movement type with the correct description.

What does PACVP stand for in the context of scanning exams?

The principle of _____ refers to examining the joint above and below the area of interest.

Which factor is NOT considered during AROM testing?

In an ISOM test, the examiner's force must always exceed the patient's muscle force to get an accurate measurement.

Match the myotomes with their corresponding muscle groups:

What does the acronym FANSI represent in special tests?

In neurological testing, the term _____ refers to an increased touch perception.

What is one of the three components assessed in neurological testing?

The three types of normal end feel include hard, soft, and firm.

What does a larger index of suspicion typically indicate during a patient assessment?

List one type of abnormal end feel.

The term 'diagnosis' is preferred in clinical impressions because it is more exact.

List the four general steps of informed consent.

The grading scale for ISOM testing categorizes muscle strength from 0/5 to _____ /5.

When is joint play typically performed?

The acronym 'CCASSEL' stands for the documentation requirements: Chronological and timely, Confidential, Accurate, Suitable abbreviations, ______, Error correction/ blank spaces, Legible and permanent.

During an assessment, what is emphasized in the SOAP format?

Match the following components of clinical documentation with their purposes:

Observations during an assessment only take place after the physical tests are completed.

What are the two aspects of verbal communication mentioned in the content?

In a comprehensive subjective assessment, the therapist should have an ______ of suspicion.

Which of the following are included in the 20 history red flags?

It is important to ask leading questions during spinal history taking.

Name three of the six things to do throughout your assessment as represented by the acronym FALLTR.

The seven purposes of documentation can be remembered with the acronym ______.

A patient's comfort and positioning are part of informed consent.

What does the acronym MMFFCV stand for regarding spinal history taking questions?

What is the primary response you are observing for during a reflex test?

How many superficial reflex tests should be performed at a time?

Why should palpation be performed after other tests in an assessment?

What does a reflex graded as 2/4 indicate?

What is the recommendation for performing Jendrassik's maneuver during reflex testing?

What are the '7 Ts' of palpation used to describe tissue condition?

What outcomes should be provided at the end of an assessment?

How is a reflex graded as 4/4 interpreted in a clinical assessment?

What is an important first step when performing a vascular screening?

What is the significance of conducting a functional test at the end of an assessment?

What does a larger index of suspicion usually indicate during assessment?

Why should clinicians avoid the term 'diagnosis' in their assessments?

What does the acronym 'WASPSKICKeDRIBSC' stand for in spinal observation?

What four general steps are included in informed consent?

Name three out of the eight factors influencing posture listed in the content.

List three documentation requirements represented by the acronym CCASSEL.

What is the primary focus of a scanning exam?

What does the acronym FAV represent in observation during assessment?

What is the primary purpose of maintaining confidentiality in documentation?

Explain the significance of regional interdependence in musculoskeletal symptoms.

How many history red flags should be considered during assessment?

What does 'clearing' involve during a physical assessment?

What are the two types of verbal communication emphasized in clinical contexts?

List two tests that are influenced by patient history in examinations.

Identify one key observation for assessing breathing patterns.

What are the six critical components to conduct throughout a clinical assessment according to FALLTR?

What factors should be considered regarding patient positioning during examinations?

During an assessment, what should be the focus of attention?

What is the role of inspection in assessing the non-injured limb?

List the two types of tissues classified during Active Range of Motion (AROM) testing.

What is the desired outcome of a comprehensive subjective assessment?

Explain the term 'scanning' in clinical assessments.

What is the purpose of dynamic observations in the assessment process?

What does the observation process begin with?

What is the expected outcome when AROM is described as 'full and pain-free'?

What are the steps involved in a lower quadrant scanning exam?

What does the 'empty' end feel indicate during a joint examination?

What is the significance of the history of cancer in recognizing red flags?

Explain the difference between anatomical and physiological barriers in ROM.

List any three of the eight aspects of non-verbal communication.

Name one reason to test the normal side first during an assessment.

What documentation is required for recording errors and blank spaces?

In terms of joint stability tests, what are the four types of outcomes that may be observed?

How do you assess joint movement for painful conditions?

What is the relevance of assessing knee alignment during spinal examinations?

What should a clinician evaluate in PROM testing regarding pain?

What are the three common directions of movement assessed in joint play?

Describe the importance of weight assessment in spinal observations.

What common pathway does shingles typically follow in adults?

During ISOM testing, which tissues are assessed for function?

What is the grading scale outcome for a patient that can resist against moderate pressure in ISOM testing?

Name two considerations a clinician should keep in mind during AROM testing.

What technique is used to evaluate the motor component in neurological testing?

In joint assessments, what does a 'normal' AROM and 'restricted' PROM indicate?

What should be the state of the patient during PROM testing?

What are the three components evaluated in neurological testing?

What is the primary focus of differential diagnosis when assessing a patient?

How does ongoing assessment contribute to clinical decision-making?

In clinical reasoning, what three knowledge systems are considered essential?

What is meant by the terms 'hardware' and 'software' in the context of assessments?

What does the term 'sensitivity' signify in diagnostic testing?

What are the key considerations in selecting the approach for clinical reasoning?

What is meant by the reliability of a test, specifically in the context of inter-rater reliability?

In the assessment process, what must be assumed about the patient's population?