Theranostics in Oncology

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the roles of ultrasound when used on nanoliposomes in cancer therapy?

To destroy the nanoliposome shell and release compounds (correct)

To regulate the immune response by activating DCs

To enhance the effectiveness of T-cells

To directly kill cancer cells without any additional therapy

What is a significant drawback of using quantum dots (QDs) in medical applications?

They can interfere with the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) (correct)

They completely eliminate the immune response

They promote rapid blood circulation

They have a short circulation time in the bloodstream

Which adverse effect is associated with the use of quantum dots due to endosomal and lysosomal activity?

Enhanced production of immune cells

Increased blood clotting time

Liberation of heavy metals causing cell damage (correct)

Decreased efficacy in cancer treatment

How do quantum dots compare to small contrast agents in terms of blood circulation time?

They have significantly longer circulation times Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential concern related to the long-term accumulation of quantum dots in the body?

Toxicological concerns due to accumulation in specific tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using reporter genes in research?

They allow for easy identification and measurement of characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern when using gene editing techniques?

Loss of cell function. Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is upregulated during T cell activation?

ICOS Signup and view all the answers

How does the 89Zr-DFO-ICOS mAb PET tool function?

It visualizes the activation of CAR-T cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET)?

To assess the progress of CAR-T therapy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding ICOS?

ICOS is a potential exclusive biomarker for activated T cells. Signup and view all the answers

What inherent advantage does immunoPET have over traditional imaging techniques?

High specificity and superior sensitivity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in selecting a reporter system for imaging?

Safety and specificity in clinical applications. Signup and view all the answers

How long does Rhodamine maintain its fluorescence compared to quantum dots?

10 minutes Signup and view all the answers

In which type of imaging are quantum dots NOT typically used?

Thermal imaging Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Qdot(QD655) in combination with Halo Tag-technology?

To study real-time cellular processes Signup and view all the answers

For what application have quantum dots been used in relation to cancer detection?

To label brain glioma cells Signup and view all the answers

Why is the stability of QD-derived drug delivery systems important?

To maintain their integrity until reaching the target site Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic of quantum dots makes them useful as fluorescence labels?

Their prolonged fluorescence maintenance Signup and view all the answers

What does the ability of QDs to cross the blood-brain barrier allow for?

Labeling of specific brain cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular organelle is NOT mentioned as a target for quantum dots?

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'theranostic' fundamentally represent in medicine?

The combination of diagnosis and therapy Signup and view all the answers

How does radiotheranostics primarily contribute to oncology?

By targeting molecular characteristics of tumors for imaging and therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of radioligand theranostic (RT) in nuclear medicine?

To provide a combined approach of targeted imaging and therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging techniques are utilized in radioligand theranostics?

Molecular Imaging techniques like PET and SPECT Signup and view all the answers

What does the historical timeline highlight about the progression of radionuclide therapies?

Historical milestones show a steady increase in therapeutic applications since 1913 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the binding part of a radiopharmaceutical?

It specifically targets structures on tumor cells for effective therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of using theranostic approaches in patient care?

To ensure personalized care based on molecular targets Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about Saul Hertz’s contribution in 1941?

He pioneered the first therapeutic use of iodine-131 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of quantum dots (QDs) in cancer therapy?

As delivery agents for therapeutic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy utilizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) for its mechanism of action?

Photodynamic therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of quantum dots in clinical applications?

They are not easy to degrade once in the body Signup and view all the answers

How do quantum dots enhance the effectiveness of photothermal therapy?

By increasing the local temperature upon irradiation Signup and view all the answers

What role can a photoinitiator play in combination therapies involving quantum dots?

Enhancing ROS formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical application for quantum dots?

Directly inducing cell death Signup and view all the answers

What property of quantum dots enables their use in measuring low Troponin levels?

Photobleaching-resistant fluorescence Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance the damage to cancer cells when using quantum dots in therapy?

Pairing QDs with chemotherapy or thermal therapies Signup and view all the answers

What does the expression of immune checkpoint proteins on CAR-T cells indicate?

Potential for treatment failure Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of cell labeling methods in therapy monitoring?

Predicting treatment response Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge associated with the imaging of cell therapies?

A lack of a regulatory framework Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is NOT associated with specific uptake of full-length antibodies?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

How might effectively employing cell labeling in therapies impact clinical practice?

Enhances education and training across communities Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of monitoring immune checkpoint proteins in CAR-T cells?

It may help in assessing long-term efficacy Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the applications of cell labeling methods?

Also valuable in other diseases Signup and view all the answers

What does one nanometer equal in micrometers?

0.001 micrometers Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Theranostics

Theranostics combines diagnosis and therapy, aiming for personalized treatment
Specifically in oncology, uses radioligands to target tumor cells
Radiotheranostics involves imaging to detect molecular targets, followed by targeted therapy using radioisotopes.
This approach ensures that only patients with a high likelihood of response to the treatment are treated.
Disease related biomarkers are linked to radioactive compounds, which can be viewed using molecular imaging.

Timeline of Radionuclide Therapies and Theranostics

1913: Proescher's study on intravenous radium therapy
1936: Lawrence's use of phosphorus-32 in leukemia treatment
1941: Hertz's pioneering use of iodine-131
1946: Seidlin, Marinelli, and Oshry's use of iodine-131 in thyroid cancer
1951: FDA approval of iodine-131 for thyroid patients
Lu-DOTATATE for somatostatin receptors
Lu-PSMA-617 for metastatic prostate cancer

Theranostic Pairs

Diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals using the same cellular/biological process
Strategies used for neuroendocrine tumors, prostate cancer, glioblastomas, and bone metastases

Direct Visualization of Target Expression

Tracer accumulation/localization directly tied to tracer-target interaction (receptor, transporter, enzyme, cell surface protein)
Radioiodine (I-131) is an example, used in thyroid diseases

Theranostic Gene and Cell Therapy

Strategy to reduce expensive/ineffective treatments
Reprogramming immune systems to attack cancer
Use of CARs (chimeric antigen receptors) to retrain immune system to fight cancer cells
Isolating T cells, engineering CARs, infusing CAR-T cells for liquid tumors

Quantum Dots

Extremely small particles measured in nanometers
Quantum effects determine their properties and color
Used as fluorescent labels, for cell labeling, imaging, and tracking.
Applications range from determining intracellular compounds to extracellular vesicles
High sensitivity and definition, long-survival time, and easy fluorescence control, along with multi-color imaging
Compared to other fluorescent probes, QDs have higher brightness and stability, (10-100 times brighter and 100-1000 times more stable).
Key advantages include broad emission, photobleaching resistance, simplified synthesis.

Photothermal Therapy

Local temperature increase after irradiation to kill cancer cells
Paired with chemotherapy or photodynamic therapy, this leads to increased cell death.
QDs can be encapsulated within nanolipossoems
QDs are used as delivery vehicles - these can target cancer cells

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Description

This quiz explores the innovative field of theranostics, which integrates diagnosis and therapy for personalized cancer treatment. It covers the use of radioligands, the historical development of radionuclide therapies, and specific theranostic pairs targeting various tumors. Test your knowledge on this advanced approach in oncology!