Theranostics in Oncology
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the roles of ultrasound when used on nanoliposomes in cancer therapy?

  • To destroy the nanoliposome shell and release compounds (correct)
  • To regulate the immune response by activating DCs
  • To enhance the effectiveness of T-cells
  • To directly kill cancer cells without any additional therapy

What is a significant drawback of using quantum dots (QDs) in medical applications?

  • They can interfere with the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) (correct)
  • They completely eliminate the immune response
  • They promote rapid blood circulation
  • They have a short circulation time in the bloodstream

Which adverse effect is associated with the use of quantum dots due to endosomal and lysosomal activity?

  • Enhanced production of immune cells
  • Increased blood clotting time
  • Liberation of heavy metals causing cell damage (correct)
  • Decreased efficacy in cancer treatment

How do quantum dots compare to small contrast agents in terms of blood circulation time?

<p>They have significantly longer circulation times (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential concern related to the long-term accumulation of quantum dots in the body?

<p>Toxicological concerns due to accumulation in specific tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using reporter genes in research?

<p>They allow for easy identification and measurement of characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern when using gene editing techniques?

<p>Loss of cell function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is upregulated during T cell activation?

<p>ICOS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 89Zr-DFO-ICOS mAb PET tool function?

<p>It visualizes the activation of CAR-T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET)?

<p>To assess the progress of CAR-T therapy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding ICOS?

<p>ICOS is a potential exclusive biomarker for activated T cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inherent advantage does immunoPET have over traditional imaging techniques?

<p>High specificity and superior sensitivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in selecting a reporter system for imaging?

<p>Safety and specificity in clinical applications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does Rhodamine maintain its fluorescence compared to quantum dots?

<p>10 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of imaging are quantum dots NOT typically used?

<p>Thermal imaging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Qdot(QD655) in combination with Halo Tag-technology?

<p>To study real-time cellular processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what application have quantum dots been used in relation to cancer detection?

<p>To label brain glioma cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the stability of QD-derived drug delivery systems important?

<p>To maintain their integrity until reaching the target site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic of quantum dots makes them useful as fluorescence labels?

<p>Their prolonged fluorescence maintenance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ability of QDs to cross the blood-brain barrier allow for?

<p>Labeling of specific brain cancer cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular organelle is NOT mentioned as a target for quantum dots?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'theranostic' fundamentally represent in medicine?

<p>The combination of diagnosis and therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does radiotheranostics primarily contribute to oncology?

<p>By targeting molecular characteristics of tumors for imaging and therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of radioligand theranostic (RT) in nuclear medicine?

<p>To provide a combined approach of targeted imaging and therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging techniques are utilized in radioligand theranostics?

<p>Molecular Imaging techniques like PET and SPECT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the historical timeline highlight about the progression of radionuclide therapies?

<p>Historical milestones show a steady increase in therapeutic applications since 1913 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the binding part of a radiopharmaceutical?

<p>It specifically targets structures on tumor cells for effective therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of using theranostic approaches in patient care?

<p>To ensure personalized care based on molecular targets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about Saul Hertz’s contribution in 1941?

<p>He pioneered the first therapeutic use of iodine-131 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of quantum dots (QDs) in cancer therapy?

<p>As delivery agents for therapeutic drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy utilizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) for its mechanism of action?

<p>Photodynamic therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of quantum dots in clinical applications?

<p>They are not easy to degrade once in the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do quantum dots enhance the effectiveness of photothermal therapy?

<p>By increasing the local temperature upon irradiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role can a photoinitiator play in combination therapies involving quantum dots?

<p>Enhancing ROS formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical application for quantum dots?

<p>Directly inducing cell death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of quantum dots enables their use in measuring low Troponin levels?

<p>Photobleaching-resistant fluorescence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance the damage to cancer cells when using quantum dots in therapy?

<p>Pairing QDs with chemotherapy or thermal therapies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the expression of immune checkpoint proteins on CAR-T cells indicate?

<p>Potential for treatment failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of cell labeling methods in therapy monitoring?

<p>Predicting treatment response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge associated with the imaging of cell therapies?

<p>A lack of a regulatory framework (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is NOT associated with specific uptake of full-length antibodies?

<p>Kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might effectively employing cell labeling in therapies impact clinical practice?

<p>Enhances education and training across communities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of monitoring immune checkpoint proteins in CAR-T cells?

<p>It may help in assessing long-term efficacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the applications of cell labeling methods?

<p>Also valuable in other diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does one nanometer equal in micrometers?

<p>0.001 micrometers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Theranostics

Combining diagnosis and therapy in medicine, focusing on individualized treatment.

Radiotheranostics

Using radioactive substances to both image and treat tumors.

Radioligand

A radioactive substance targeted to a specific cell or molecule in the body.

Molecular Imaging

Using imaging techniques to visualize the expression of molecules in the body.

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Personalized Care

Tailoring treatment to individual patient characteristics, especially to improve outcomes.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A medical imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to reveal metabolic activity.

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Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A medical imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to produce cross-sectional images of organs and tissues.

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Biomarker

A measurable indicator of biological process, disease, or physical condition.

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Reporter Gene

A gene attached to a regulatory sequence of another gene to track its expression in organisms.

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Reporter Gene Imaging

A method to track cells and their progeny by introducing genes controlled by a promoter, then targeting the expression product with a radio-labeled agent.

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ICOS Receptor

A receptor upregulated during T-cell activation, potentially a biomarker for CAR T-cell activity.

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ImmunoPET

A technique that combines the specificity of antibodies with the sensitivity of PET imaging to track specific cells.

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CAR T-cell

T cells genetically engineered to target specific cells.

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Biomarker for CAR T-cell activation

A measurable indicator used to assess if there is activation of CAR T cells

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ImmunoPET Technique

A technique used to assess CAR T therapy by measuring the amount of radioactivity in certain areas of the body.

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PET Signal

A signal emitted and detected by PET scanners to visualize the presence of radio-labeled substances or cells

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Immune Checkpoint Proteins

Proteins expressed on tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and CAR-T cells, indicating immune tolerance and exhaustion, often linked to treatment failure.

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Biodistribution of CAR-T cells

The tracking of CAR-T cells within the body to assess their movement to target areas and absorption.

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Cell Labelling

Methods to track or visualize cells, like CAR-T cells, in living organisms.

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Personalized Treatment

Tailoring treatments to individual patient needs, often using data to stratify patient responses.

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Nanometer (nm)

A unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter (1 x 10⁻⁹ m).

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Micrometer (µm)

A unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter (1 x 10⁻⁶ m).

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Tumor Microenvironment

Cells and tissues surrounding a tumour.

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Nanoliposome destruction

Ultrasound can break the shell of nanoliposomes, releasing their contents into cancer cells.

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QD interaction with APCs

Quantum dots (QDs) can affect Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) and the immune system.

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QD induced cell damage

Quantum dots potentially harm cells by releasing heavy metals from inside them.

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Longer blood circulation time

Quantum dots in contrast agents remain in the blood longer than traditional contrast agents.

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QD tissue accumulation

Quantum dots tend to accumulate in organs rich in phagocytes (like the liver and spleen).

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Quantum Dots (QDs)

Nanoparticles with exceptional photobleaching-resistant fluorescence properties, unique optical and stable physical properties.

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Targeted Drug Delivery

Drugs are delivered specifically to cancer tissues using QDs or other vehicles.

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Acidic Microenvironment

Cancer tissues' acidic environment helps release drugs from delivery vehicles.

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Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

Treatment using a photosensitizer, light, and oxygen to damage cancer cells.

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Photothermal Therapy (PTT)

Cancer treatment using heat generated from light to damage cancer cells.

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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Harmful molecules produced during photodynamic therapy to cause cell damage.

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Delivery Agents

Quantum dots primarily used as vehicles to carry chemotherapy or for phototherapy.

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Nanoliposomes

Encapsulation of quantum dots into spherical structures for targeted drug delivery.

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Quantum Dots (QDs) as Labels

Quantum dots are used as fluorescent markers to label cells, intracellular components, and extracellular vesicles for tracking and imaging.

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In Vivo Imaging with QDs

Quantum dots can be used to image biological processes inside living organisms, like mice and the brain.

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QDs for Studying Cellular Processes

Quantum dots can track the movement of proteins and other molecules inside cells in real-time, using techniques like Halo Tag technology.

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Cancer Detection using QDs

Quantum dots can be used to detect cancer cells and map drug distribution in the body, potentially in surgery.

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QD Stability in the Body

QDs need to stay intact while moving through the body to reliably deliver drugs or imaging agents to the target location.

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QDs in Cell Uptake

Quantum dots are easily taken up by many types of cells and can target different parts inside cells, like lysosomes.

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Blood-Brain Barrier and QDs

Certain quantum dots, such as those with aspartic acid ligands, can pass through the blood-brain barrier to target brain cancer cells.

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QD Drug Delivery Systems

Quantum dots can be used in drug delivery systems, allowing targeted delivery of drugs to specific sites in the body.

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Study Notes

Theranostics

  • Theranostics combines diagnosis and therapy, aiming for personalized treatment
  • Specifically in oncology, uses radioligands to target tumor cells
  • Radiotheranostics involves imaging to detect molecular targets, followed by targeted therapy using radioisotopes.
  • This approach ensures that only patients with a high likelihood of response to the treatment are treated.
  • Disease related biomarkers are linked to radioactive compounds, which can be viewed using molecular imaging.

Timeline of Radionuclide Therapies and Theranostics

  • 1913: Proescher's study on intravenous radium therapy
  • 1936: Lawrence's use of phosphorus-32 in leukemia treatment
  • 1941: Hertz's pioneering use of iodine-131
  • 1946: Seidlin, Marinelli, and Oshry's use of iodine-131 in thyroid cancer
  • 1951: FDA approval of iodine-131 for thyroid patients
  • Lu-DOTATATE for somatostatin receptors
  • Lu-PSMA-617 for metastatic prostate cancer

Theranostic Pairs

  • Diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals using the same cellular/biological process
  • Strategies used for neuroendocrine tumors, prostate cancer, glioblastomas, and bone metastases

Direct Visualization of Target Expression

  • Tracer accumulation/localization directly tied to tracer-target interaction (receptor, transporter, enzyme, cell surface protein)
  • Radioiodine (I-131) is an example, used in thyroid diseases

Theranostic Gene and Cell Therapy

  • Strategy to reduce expensive/ineffective treatments
  • Reprogramming immune systems to attack cancer
  • Use of CARs (chimeric antigen receptors) to retrain immune system to fight cancer cells
  • Isolating T cells, engineering CARs, infusing CAR-T cells for liquid tumors

Quantum Dots

  • Extremely small particles measured in nanometers
  • Quantum effects determine their properties and color
  • Used as fluorescent labels, for cell labeling, imaging, and tracking.
  • Applications range from determining intracellular compounds to extracellular vesicles
  • High sensitivity and definition, long-survival time, and easy fluorescence control, along with multi-color imaging
  • Compared to other fluorescent probes, QDs have higher brightness and stability, (10-100 times brighter and 100-1000 times more stable).
  • Key advantages include broad emission, photobleaching resistance, simplified synthesis.

Photothermal Therapy

  • Local temperature increase after irradiation to kill cancer cells
  • Paired with chemotherapy or photodynamic therapy, this leads to increased cell death.
  • QDs can be encapsulated within nanolipossoems
  • QDs are used as delivery vehicles - these can target cancer cells

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Advanced Therapeutic Technologies PDF

Description

This quiz explores the innovative field of theranostics, which integrates diagnosis and therapy for personalized cancer treatment. It covers the use of radioligands, the historical development of radionuclide therapies, and specific theranostic pairs targeting various tumors. Test your knowledge on this advanced approach in oncology!

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