Podcast
Questions and Answers
Kin selection suggests people want to help their ______ so their genes can be carried on.
Kin selection suggests people want to help their ______ so their genes can be carried on.
relatives
Reciprocal altruism is when people help others who are willing to help them to increase survival chances of the human ______.
Reciprocal altruism is when people help others who are willing to help them to increase survival chances of the human ______.
species
The process of human evolution began approximately seven million years ago when organisms diverged from the lineage of ______.
The process of human evolution began approximately seven million years ago when organisms diverged from the lineage of ______.
chimpanzees
Humans have the largest brain to body mass ______ compared to other species.
Humans have the largest brain to body mass ______ compared to other species.
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A genotype refers to the complete set of genetic ______ of an organism.
A genotype refers to the complete set of genetic ______ of an organism.
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DNA, which carries genetic information, has a ______ structure, as noted by Rosalind Franklin.
DNA, which carries genetic information, has a ______ structure, as noted by Rosalind Franklin.
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In humans, there are 23 ______ in the genome, including pairs that determine sex.
In humans, there are 23 ______ in the genome, including pairs that determine sex.
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The telomere at the end of a chromosome is associated with the ______ of a cell.
The telomere at the end of a chromosome is associated with the ______ of a cell.
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Charles Darwin and Alfred ______ contributed to the theory of evolution.
Charles Darwin and Alfred ______ contributed to the theory of evolution.
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The best genes that help organisms survive in their environment are passed down through ______.
The best genes that help organisms survive in their environment are passed down through ______.
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Observable traits are called ______.
Observable traits are called ______.
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The principle of ______ believes that genetic differences between individuals create uniqueness.
The principle of ______ believes that genetic differences between individuals create uniqueness.
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Genetic information is inherited from ______ to the next generation.
Genetic information is inherited from ______ to the next generation.
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The C-O-M-T gene influences ______ memory capacity.
The C-O-M-T gene influences ______ memory capacity.
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Directional selection favors traits that push the species from one ______ to another.
Directional selection favors traits that push the species from one ______ to another.
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The ultimate goal of natural selection is to produce the most possible ______.
The ultimate goal of natural selection is to produce the most possible ______.
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Study Notes
Theory of Evolution
- Evolution is driven by natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to subsequent generations.
- All organisms share a common ancestor.
- Natural selection involves inheritable traits, inherited from parents, influencing survival and reproduction (e.g., hair colour, eye colour).
- Variation in genes leads to individual differences. Adaptation to the environment is key and is influenced by inherited genetic traits.
- Genotypes (genetic makeup) determine phenotypes (observable traits)
- Genes influence complex traits like working memory capacity, learning rate. The C-O-M-T gene impacts dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, affecting working memory.
- Types of natural selection: Directional (one extreme trait preferred), Stabilizing (moderate trait favored), and Diversifying (two extreme traits favored in different niches).
- The goal of natural selection is the increased production of offspring.
Principles of Evolution
- Principle of inheritance: traits are passed down through generations.
- Principle of variation: genetic differences result in individual variation.
Natural Selection Strategies
- Kin selection: helping relatives to increase the chances of shared genes being passed on.
- Reciprocal altruism: helping others who will help in return, increasing species survival.
Supporting Evidence for Evolution
- Biogeography (distribution of species).
- Fossils (evidence of past life).
- Divergent evolution (species divergence from common ancestors).
- Convergent evolution (unrelated species developing similar traits).
- Comparative embryology (comparing early developmental stages).
- Molecular biology (comparing genetic material).
Human Evolution
- Began about 7 million years ago with the divergence from chimpanzee lineage.
- Numerous early human species existed, each with unique traits (brain capacity, tool use, teeth size, bipedalism).
- Modern humans, Homo sapiens, are the only surviving hominin species.
- Humans have the highest brain-to-body mass ratio of all hominins.
Genes and Inheritance
- DNA is organized into chromosomes, structures containing genes.
- Genes are specific locations on chromosomes, and are composed of DNA segments.
- DNA is double-stranded and forms a double helix.
- DNA consists of four base pairs: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
- Genotype is the complete set of genetic material; phenotype is the observable traits/physical characteristics.
- Telomeres are protective caps at chromosome ends.
- 23 pairs of chromosomes exist, 22 pairs are non-sex chromosomes (autosomes).
- One pair determines sex (XX female, XY male).
- DNA replication for the next generation is almost perfect.
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Description
Test your understanding of the Theory of Evolution, focusing on concepts such as natural selection, genetic variation, and adaptation. This quiz covers key principles including inheritance of traits and the types of natural selection that shape species over time.
