Theories Related to Motor Skills and Abilities

10 Questions

What is the main focus in Fitts and Posner's Cognitive Stage?

Understanding the task

In which stage of Gentile's 2-stage model do learners focus on developing a movement pattern?

Initial stage

According to Fitts and Posner's model, in which stage do movements become automatic and require minimal conscious effort?

Autonomous Stage

What distinguishes Gentile's 2-stage model from Fitts and Posner's three-stage model?

Goal of the learner

Which stage in Fitts and Posner's model focuses on refining movements and reducing errors through practice?

Associative Stage

What is the main focus of Schmidt's Schema Theory?

Variability of practice and optimal learning

In the context of the Motor Learning and Control Theory, what is the significance of feedback?

Feedback provides information on improving movement

What does the Ecological Dynamics Theory emphasize in motor skill acquisition?

The interaction between individuals and their environment

According to Information Processing Theory, what is a key element in ongoing learning and assessment?

Feedback and assessment

How does Positive Feedback contribute to motor skill learning?

It reinforces correct actions and motivates learners

Study Notes

Theories of Motor Skills and Abilities

Fitts and Posner's Three-Stage Model

The cognitive stage involves understanding the task and developing a mental representation
In the associative stage, focus shifts to refining movements and reducing errors through practice
In the autonomous stage, movements become automatic and require minimal conscious effort

Gentile's 2-Stage Model

The initial stage involves understanding the nature of the task and developing a movement pattern
The later stage emphasizes refinement of movements and adaptability to different conditions

Schmidt's Schema Theory

Schema theory proposes an abstract memory representation for events (open loop schema)
Generalized motor program rules allow for the generation of novel movements
Rapid, ballistic movements involve recalling memory with motor programs and parameters to carry out movement without peripheral feedback
Variability of practice improves motor learning, and error production is beneficial for learning
Schema has rules for all stored elements, not just the correct ones

Motor Learning and Control Theory

This theory focuses on how individuals acquire and refine motor skills through practice and experience
Principles involved include practice variability, feedback, and transfer of learning
Variability of practice allows individuals to adapt to different situations
Feedback can be intrinsic (from personal experience) or extrinsic (from external sources or equipment)
Effective feedback provides information on how to improve a movement or action
The goal is for the skills learned during practice to be transferable to different contexts

Ecological Dynamics Theory

This theory emphasizes the interaction between an individual and their environment during motor skill acquisition
It highlights the importance of perception, action, and the environment working together for effective skill development

Information Processing Theory

Developing motor skills involves encoding, storing, and retrieving data
Perception, memory, and attention are key components of motor skill acquisition
Feedback is a crucial element of the incremental process of ongoing learning and assessment
Providing frequent and ongoing feedback is essential for improving achievement in learning