Theories of Language Change

<p>The passing on of non-biological information through imitation, teaching, and language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bandura (1977); Mackintosh (1983); Hartl and Clark (1997)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sum total of society's ideas, customs, social behavior, and non-biological information we use</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wave Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proto-Germanic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1981</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S-curve Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-ity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tree Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tree Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language learning through social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One-way system from pre-existing to emerging generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When individuals and groups perceive a benefit in adopting a change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random Fluctuation Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language change is influenced by the spread of language and global interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enrich the stock of words in a language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To align with the pronunciation of the dominant community</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Trial and Error' learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complexity within society</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through a desire for order and regularity combined with an effort to be expressive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short and context-bound language understood by immediate groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The differing performances of economically disadvantaged children in language versus math subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The suitability of language for different situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He suggests it was never invented but rather naturally evolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varied grammar structures and lexis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To address the limited performance of some groups in language-based subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;Excess of words as self-defeating&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;Elaborated Code&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;Restricted Code&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizes that language is used to function in everyday life and believes that language changes according to the needs of its users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bandura, Mackintosh, Hartl, Clark</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional Theory sees language change as a tool that enables changing economic and social functions in society to be carried out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imitation, teaching, and language allow information to be passed on from individual to individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Society’s ideas, customs, social behavior, non-biological information like food, education content, and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To fill lexical gaps or express concepts for which no words currently exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Tree Model focuses on languages splitting from a common core like a family tree, while the Wave Model proposes languages evolving from one disturbance like ripples in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The S-curve Model suggests that language changes start slowly, gain momentum as more people adopt the change, and eventually level off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jean Aitchison discusses whether language change represents progress by birthing the new or decay by dying of the old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Prescriptive Approach advocates for preserving a 'gold standard' of English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The S-curve Model shows the gradual beginning of language change, a rapid acceleration as more people adopt it, and a slow-down once the change becomes dominant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The book discusses the debate surrounding whether language change signifies progress by introducing new forms or decay by losing old forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'gold standard' refers to the ideal form of English language that the Prescriptive Approach aims to preserve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Wave Model views language evolution as originating from one disturbance, while the Tree Model tracks language changes through splits like a family tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central question revolves around whether language change represents progress through innovation or decay by losing traditional forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The book primarily explores the contrasting views on language change as either progress through the introduction of new forms or decay through the loss of traditional forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language change is related to the spread of language and global influences, leading to changes in the English language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through engagement and socialization with others in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Languages change as a result of the uneven use of spoken language by its users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To address the need for new words to emerge and expand the stock of words in a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a one-way system from the pre-existing generation to the emerging generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socialization with others in society influences the acquisition and use of language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through combining existing letters and sound combinations to form new words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The need for language variety to adapt to the complexity of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The uneven use of spoken language by its users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It attributes language change to the spread of one language variety impacting another through contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predictable patterns and shortcuts, combined with efforts to be expressive and original.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accurate and varied grammatical order, complex sentences, unusual lexis, and a range of reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restricted Code is brief, context-bound, and understood by a limited group, while Elaborated Code is detailed, universally understandable, and explains concepts fully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To explain the performance gap in language-based subjects among economically disadvantaged children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concern that poor language proficiency may lead to low academic achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restricted Code has limited lexis and reasoning, while Elaborated Code includes varied lexis and reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make information comprehensible to everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The literacy and numeracy skills of new entrants, particularly in oral language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the theory of restricted and elaborated codes, suggesting that language complexity affects educational achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers