12 Questions
Terrie Moffitt's developmental theory focuses on developmental processes and changes that explain why some continue and others stop engaging in ______.
crime
Edwin Sutherland assumed that people were born with a blank slate and argued that everyone could learn to commit ______ through interactions with others.
crime
Punishment deters not just offenders but also potential ______.
offenders
The text discusses different perspectives on the causes of ______ behavior.
criminal
Neoclassical School of Criminology takes into account mitigating and aggravating circumstances in determining appropriate ______.
punishment
Darwin rejected the application of the theory of evolution to understanding ______-species evolution.
inter
William Shockley argued that IQ measures social capacity and explains higher poverty and crime rates among African ______.
Americans
Arthur Jensen argued that 80% of intelligence variation is due to ______.
inheritance
Farrington and West found that early IQ measurement predicts future ______.
delinquency
Sigmund Freud developed theories on three psychic phenomena: id, ego, and ______, which can be channeled through defense mechanisms to prevent criminal behavior.
superego
John Bowlby emphasized the importance of attachment between mother and infant in the first ten months of life, and criminals may have attachment ______.
issues
The cause of crime lies in underdeveloped ______ and attachment issues.
superegos
Study Notes
- Theories of human behavior are determined by factors such as biology, intelligence, and peer influences.
- Micro-level theories focus on individual level behaviors and personal level processes.
- Macro-level theories focus on group level characteristics and social change.
- Nature vs. nurture debate concerns the relative importance of heredity and environment on our developmental outcomes.
- Some theories focus on internal factors while others focus on external factors.
- Some theories focus on the process of change on criminal offending while others focus on static characteristics.
- Terrie Moffitt's developmental theory focuses on developmental processes and changes that explain why some continue and others stop engaging in crime.
- Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi propose the invariance thesis of age on crime, focusing on enduring characteristic, self-control, to explain criminality.
- Some theories attempt to be general or universal, explaining all law-breaking behaviors.
- Edwin Sutherland assumed that people were born with a blank slate and argued that everyone could learn to commit crime through interactions with others.
- Punishment deters not just offenders but also potential offenders.
- Society needs a system of justice that reflects the interests of people and educates them about its importance.
- Jeremy Bentham developed the idea of utilitarianism based on hedonism and rationality.
- Bentham proposed the idea of felicific calculus, which considers costs and benefits in deciding on the best course of action.
- Neoclassical School of Criminology takes into account mitigating and aggravating circumstances in determining appropriate punishment.
- Early Biological Theories of Crime included craniometry, phrenology, and physiognomy.
- Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection had a profound impact on the study of human behaviors.
- Darwin rejected the application of the theory of evolution to understanding inter-species evolution.
- Darwin was associated with the Eugenics Movement and welcomed by the powerful and wealthy.
- Prison design called panopticon looks like a wheel with a guard post in the center that overlooks the prison and extends outward 360 degrees like spokes in a wheel.
- The text discusses different perspectives on the causes of criminal behavior.
- Willem Bonger introduced Marxist theories of criminology, arguing that capitalism encourages greed and competition among people.
- Family studies have found a higher rate of criminal offending in some families, which may be attributed to environmental factors.
- Twin studies have shown a higher concordance rate for criminality among monozygotic twins, suggesting a genetic inheritance of criminal behavior.
- Adoption studies have also suggested a stronger influence of biological parents than environmental factors in explaining criminality.
- Richard Dugdale traced the family tree of the Jukes and found a high degree of criminal offending in the family.
- Henry Goddard traced the family tree of Martin Kallikak and found a high degree of criminal offending among his illegitimate descendants.
- Both Dugdale and Goddard attributed the high rates of criminality in these families to moral degeneracy or a degenerate environment.
- The text notes criticisms of twin studies for assuming that environmental influences are the same for monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
- Overall, the text highlights the ongoing debate and complexity surrounding the causes of criminal behavior.
- William Shockley argued that IQ measures social capacity and explains higher poverty and crime rates among African Americans.
- Arthur Jensen argued that 80% of intelligence variation is due to inheritance.
- Herrnstein and Murray argued that social class and race are related to crime through intelligence.
- Farrington and West found that early IQ measurement predicts future delinquency.
- Sigmund Freud developed theories on three psychic phenomena: id, ego, and superego, which can be channeled through defense mechanisms to prevent criminal behavior.
- August Aichhorn and Kate Fredlanger argued that underdeveloped superegos lead to criminal behavior.
- Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development with three levels, and criminals are those stuck at the preconventional stage.
- John Bowlby emphasized the importance of attachment between mother and infant in the first ten months of life, and criminals may have attachment issues.
- The cause of crime lies in underdeveloped superegos and attachment issues.
- IQ and social class/race are related to crime through intelligence and moral development.
Explore theories of criminal behavior, including micro-level and macro-level perspectives, nature vs. nurture debate, developmental theories, biological theories, utilitarianism, neoclassical criminology, and social factors influencing crime. Learn about important figures like Terrie Moffitt, Michael Gottfredson, Edwin Sutherland, Jeremy Bentham, Charles Darwin, Willem Bonger, and more.
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