Aggression
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Questions and Answers

What part of the brain acts as an alarm system triggering an aggressive response to certain types of threats?

  • Occipital Lobe
  • Cerebellum
  • Hypothalamus (correct)
  • Frontal Lobe

    • What effect did giving testosterone to newborn female mice have on their aggression as adults?

  • Caused fear response
  • Increased aggression (correct)
  • Decreased aggression
  • No effect on aggression

    • What is the role of serotonin in inhibiting aggression?

  • Has no effect on aggression
  • Increases aggression
  • Stops aggression (correct)
  • Causes fear response

    • What did the research in Greece find regarding the removal of the amygdala?

    <p>Reduced aggressive incidents by between 33% and 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of damage to the PET-1 Gene in mice on aggression?

    <p>Raises aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did drugs increasing serotonin production have on aggression?

    <p>Lead to reduced levels of aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nickname given to the MAOA gene due to its association with aggression?

    <p>Warrior Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is associated with high aggression, indicating interaction of genes and hormones in aggression?

    <p>Sry gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What raises ethical concerns about interventions like genetic engineering or chemical castration?

    <p>Genetic predisposition to aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study of Dutch family with history of aggression associated with low levels of MAOA gene suggest?

    <p>Genetic determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can masculinize aggression systems in the brain?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethology study to understand human psychology?

    <p>Animal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the serotonin deficiency hypothesis suggest?

    <p>Decreased serotonin disturbs the OFC, reducing inhibitory control over impulsive and aggressive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Berman et al. find regarding participants given a serotonin-enhancing drug?

    <p>They showed reduced aggression, indicating a link between serotonin function and aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of neural and hormonal research related to aggression?

    <p>The correlational nature of evidence and the neglect of social and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research show about the relationship between low serotonin levels and violent behaviors?

    <p>Violent criminals have the lowest serotonin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cortisol relate to aggression?

    <p>Cortisol may inhibit aggression through fear, with low levels linked to sensation-seeking behavior and conduct disorder in teenagers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of the biological reductionism approach to aggression?

    <p>It oversimplifies aggression, neglecting genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factors can affect cortisol levels in pregnant mothers, potentially impacting childhood aggression?

    <p>Stressors, heat, and noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to evolutionary explanations, what context-specific factors can control aggression despite it seeming natural?

    <p>Jealousy and domestic violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments demonstrate about children's behavior?

    <p>Children imitated aggressive behavior influenced by vicarious reinforcement and disinhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does de-individuation theory suggest about human aggression?

    <p>Humans tend to be aggressive when they believe they can get away with it, especially when disguised or in a crowd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis propose as the cause of aggression?

    <p>Aggression results from frustration, which is any event preventing an individual from attaining a goal and its reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does social learning theory challenge behaviorist beliefs regarding aggressive behavior?

    <p>It suggests that children learn aggressive behaviors through observational learning and modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor challenges the idea of fixed and unchanging behaviors?

    <p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the Hydraulic Model of instinctive behavior related to aggression?

    <p>Lorenz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of the Innate Releasing Mechanisms (IRM) in relation to humans?

    <p>It cannot be generalized to humans due to the complexity of human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does David Buss emphasize regarding evolutionary explanations of human aggression?

    <p>Humans are not solely controlled by their genes and have the ability to learn and choose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism faced by evolutionary research on human aggression, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ethics, gender, and reductionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eibesfeldt find regarding cultural differences in signs and evolutionary patterns?

    <p>Cultural differences in signs can change more quickly than evolutionary patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the Limbic System tend to act as an alarm system triggering an aggressive response to certain types of threats?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giving testosterone to newborn female mice made them act like males with increased aggression when given testosterone as adults.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the amygdala is stimulated electrically, animals show aggressive behavior, and when it’s removed, they no longer show aggressive behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PET-1 Gene is linked to the production of the hormone serotonin, which inhibits aggression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs increasing serotonin production lead to reduced levels of aggression, suggesting that low levels of serotonin are linked to increased aggression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low levels of serotonin result in reduced self-control and increased aggression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serotonin deficiency disturbs the OFC, reducing inhibitory control over impulsive and aggressive behavior

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research shows a relationship between low serotonin levels and violent behaviors

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rats selected for reduced aggression had lower serotonin levels

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Link between low serotonin and aggression is mostly correlational and does not establish causality

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testosterone has been shown to affect certain types of aggression in animals

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortisol may inhibit aggression through fear, with low levels linked to sensation-seeking behavior

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MAOA gene is linked to aggressive behavior and is sometimes referred to as the 'Warrior Gene'

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic predisposition to aggression does not raise ethical concerns about interventions like genetic engineering or chemical castration

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interaction of MAOA gene and abusive childhood experiences increases likelihood of adult aggression

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testosterone levels in males are not inherited and do not influence aggression systems in the brain

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) are instinctive behaviors triggered by specific stimuli and run their course to completion

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethology studies animal behavior to understand human psychology, focusing on learned behaviors

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental factors such as stressors, heat, and noise can affect cortisol levels in pregnant mothers, potentially impacting childhood aggression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolutionary explanations suggest that aggression may seem natural, but context-specific factors such as jealousy and domestic violence can control it.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments showed that children imitated aggressive behavior, influenced by vicarious reinforcement and disinhibition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viewing violence in the media may lead children to develop cognitive scripts involving violence and become desensitized to real-life violence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    De-individuation theory suggests that humans tend to be aggressive when they believe they can get away with it, especially when disguised or in a crowd.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that aggression results from frustration, which is any event preventing an individual from attaining a goal and its reinforcement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fixed action patterns are influenced by environmental factors and learning experiences, challenging the idea of fixed and unchanging behaviors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eibesfeldt found that cultural differences in signs can change more quickly than evolutionary patterns, casting doubt on the evolutionary basis of certain behaviors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans can develop new ways of expressing aggression, such as cyber bullying, suggesting that aggression is not solely rooted in evolutionary patterns.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate Releasing Mechanisms (IRM) trigger instinctive responses to certain signs in creatures, but this cannot be generalized to humans due to the complexity of human behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hydraulic Model of instinctive behavior, proposed by Lorenz, suggests that aggression builds up and is released through fixed action patterns, but it fails to explain premeditated aggression and bearing grudges.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolutionary explanations of human aggression propose that aggression serves a purpose and has adaptive features.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Limbic System in triggering aggressive responses to threats?

    <p>The Limbic System, including the Hypothalamus and Amygdala, tends to act as an alarm system triggering an aggressive response to certain types of threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does testosterone affect aggression in newborn female mice?

    <p>Giving testosterone to newborn female mice made them act like males with increased aggression when given testosterone as adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the PET-1 Gene in relation to serotonin and aggression?

    <p>The PET-1 Gene is linked to the production of the hormone serotonin, which inhibits aggression. Damage to the gene in mice raises aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of drugs increasing serotonin production on aggression?

    <p>Drugs increasing serotonin production lead to reduced levels of aggression, suggesting that low levels of serotonin are linked to increased aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the amygdala relate to aggressive behavior?

    <p>When the amygdala is stimulated electrically, animals show aggressive behavior, and when it’s removed, they no longer show aggressive behavior. Research found that removing the amygdala reduced aggressive incidents by between 33% and 100%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does low serotonin levels result in, and how does this relate to aggression?

    <p>Low levels of serotonin result in reduced self-control and increased aggression. Drugs increasing serotonin production lead to reduced levels of aggression, suggesting that low levels of serotonin are linked to increased aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Warrior Gene' and why is it given this nickname?

    <p>The 'Warrior Gene' refers to the MAOA gene, which is given this nickname due to its association with aggressive behavior and its presence in various populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does genetic predisposition to aggression raise ethical concerns?

    <p>Genetic predisposition to aggression raises ethical concerns about interventions like genetic engineering or chemical castration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interaction between the MAOA gene and abusive childhood experiences in relation to adult aggression?

    <p>The interaction of the MAOA gene and abusive childhood experiences increases the likelihood of adult aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does testosterone play in masculinizing aggression systems in the brain?

    <p>Testosterone can masculinize aggression systems in the brain, and its levels in males are inherited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethology study in order to understand human psychology?

    <p>Ethology studies animal behavior to understand human psychology, focusing on ritualistic signaling and Fixed Action Patterns (FAP).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) and how do they relate to instinctive behaviors?

    <p>Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) are instinctive behaviors triggered by specific stimuli and run their course to completion, indicating instinctive behaviors in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some environmental factors that can affect cortisol levels in pregnant mothers, potentially impacting childhood aggression?

    <p>Stressors, heat, and noise are environmental factors that can affect cortisol levels in pregnant mothers, potentially impacting childhood aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments demonstrate about children's behavior?

    <p>Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments showed that children imitated aggressive behavior, influenced by vicarious reinforcement and disinhibition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does social learning theory challenge behaviorist beliefs regarding aggressive behavior?

    <p>Social learning theory challenges behaviorist beliefs by suggesting that children learn aggressive behaviors through observational learning and modeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis propose as the cause of aggression?

    <p>The frustration-aggression hypothesis proposes that aggression results from frustration, which is any event preventing an individual from attaining a goal and its reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism faced by evolutionary research on human aggression, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>A criticism faced by evolutionary research on human aggression is that context-specific factors such as jealousy and domestic violence can control aggression, casting doubt on the idea that aggression is solely rooted in evolutionary patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of viewing violence in the media on children, according to the text?

    <p>Viewing violence in the media may lead children to develop cognitive scripts involving violence and become desensitized to real-life violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some criticisms faced by evolutionary research on human aggression?

    <p>Ethical concerns, gender issues, and reductionism are some of the criticisms faced by evolutionary research on human aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to David Buss, what are some adaptations of aggression in humans?

    <p>David Buss has identified seven adaptations of aggression in humans, including self-defense, reputation management, resource acquisition, and preventing infidelity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Hydraulic Model of instinctive behavior, proposed by Lorenz, fail to explain certain types of aggression?

    <p>The Hydraulic Model fails to explain premeditated aggression and bearing grudges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Innate Releasing Mechanisms (IRM) in relation to human behavior?

    <p>The complexity of human behavior means that the trigger of innate releasing mechanisms cannot be generalized to humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the criticism of the deterministic nature of evolutionary theories on aggression?

    <p>The deterministic nature of evolutionary theories on aggression is criticized as unethical and reductionist, and may not consider other contributing factors to aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do proponents of evolutionary explanations of human aggression, like Buss, address ethical concerns?

    <p>Proponents emphasize that humans are not solely controlled by their genes and have the ability to learn and choose, mitigating some of the ethical concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the serotonin deficiency hypothesis and how does it relate to aggression?

    <p>The serotonin deficiency hypothesis suggests that decreased serotonin disturbs the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), reducing inhibitory control over impulsive and aggressive behavior. Research shows a relationship between low serotonin levels and violent behaviors, with violent criminals having the lowest serotonin levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does testosterone affect aggression in animals and certain individuals?

    <p>Testosterone has been shown to affect certain types of aggression in animals, with high levels linked to aggression in aggressive boys, violent criminals, and military offenders. Elevated testosterone levels correlate with aggression, but social and cognitive factors mediate aggressive acts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cortisol play in inhibiting aggression?

    <p>Cortisol may inhibit aggression through fear, with low levels linked to sensation-seeking behavior and conduct disorder in teenagers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticisms are mentioned regarding neural and hormonal research on aggression?

    <p>Criticisms of neural and hormonal research include the correlational nature of evidence and the neglect of social and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do genetic influences contribute to aggression according to the text?

    <p>Genetic influences on aggression are evident in animal studies and twin studies, suggesting a genetic basis for aggression but also highlighting the complexity of criminality and aggression as separate constructs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ethical concern raised regarding treating aggression with drugs, and what are suggested alternatives?

    <p>Ethical concerns exist regarding treating aggression with drugs, suggesting diet and exercise as more ethical alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ masculinizes androgen-sensitive neural circuits underlying aggression in the brain.

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ tends to act as an alarm system triggering an aggressive response to certain types of threats.

    <p>Limbic System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low levels of ______ are linked to increased aggression.

    <p>serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is linked to the production of the hormone serotonin, which inhibits (i.e., stops) aggression.

    <p>PET-1 Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the ______ is stimulated electrically, animals show aggressive behavior, and when it’s removed, they no longer show aggressive behavior.

    <p>amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ increasing serotonin production lead to reduced levels of aggression, suggesting that low levels of serotonin are linked to increased aggression.

    <p>Drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rats selected for reduced aggression had higher ______ levels, supporting the link between serotonin and aggression

    <p>serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biological reductionism oversimplifies aggression, neglecting genetic and ______ factors

    <p>environmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated ______ levels correlate with aggression, but social and cognitive factors mediate aggressive acts

    <p>testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortisol may inhibit aggression through fear, with low levels linked to sensation-seeking behavior and conduct disorder in ______

    <p>teenagers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic influences on aggression are evident in animal studies and twin studies, suggesting a genetic basis for aggression but also highlighting the complexity of criminality and aggression as separate ______

    <p>constructs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Berman et al. found that participants given a serotonin-enhancing drug showed reduced aggression, indicating a link between serotonin function and ______

    <p>aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______'s Bobo Doll experiments showed that children imitated aggressive behavior, influenced by vicarious reinforcement and disinhibition.

    <p>Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ gene codes for enzyme involved in breaking down neurotransmitters, linked to aggressive behavior

    <p>MAOA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testosterone levels in males are inherited, and ______ can masculinize aggression systems in the brain

    <p>testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    De-individuation theory suggests that humans tend to be ______ when they believe they can get away with it, especially when disguised or in a crowd.

    <p>aggressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ gene associated with high aggression, indicating interaction of genes and hormones in aggression

    <p>Sry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frustration-______ hypothesis suggests that ______ results from frustration, which is any event preventing an individual from attaining a goal and its reinforcement.

    <p>aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ gene hypothesis for aggression debunked due to rarity of the gene in the general population

    <p>XYY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viewing ______ in the media may lead children to develop cognitive scripts involving ______ and become desensitized to real-life ______.

    <p>violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethology studies animal behavior to understand human psychology, focusing on ritualistic signaling and Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

    <p>ethology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolutionary explanations suggest that ______ may seem natural, but context-specific factors such as jealousy and domestic violence can control it.

    <p>aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals tend to revert to ______ behavior regardless of training, supporting the FAP theory while acknowledging some learned behaviors

    <p>instinctive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive criticisms of ______'s theory highlight its implications for understanding the causes of good and bad behavior in society.

    <p>Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolutionary research on human aggression has faced criticisms regarding _______, gender, and reductionism, as it may be used to justify violence and oversimplifies complex issues.

    <p>ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    David Buss has identified seven adaptations of aggression in humans, including self-defense, reputation management, resource acquisition, and preventing _______.

    <p>infidelity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intra-group aggression, mainly linked to male rivalry and sexual jealousy, is considered evolutionary, as it is common in all human _______.

    <p>cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans can develop new ways of expressing aggression, such as cyber bullying, suggesting that aggression is not solely rooted in evolutionary _______.

    <p>patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hydraulic Model of instinctive behavior, proposed by Lorenz, suggests that aggression builds up and is released through fixed action patterns, but it fails to explain premeditated aggression and bearing _______.

    <p>grudges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inter-group aggression, such as warfare and gang conflicts, is explained by cognitive biases towards organized aggression and the military _______, according to Buss.

    <p>contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain structures with their role in aggression:

    <p>Limbic System = Acts as an alarm system triggering an aggressive response to certain types of threats Hypothalamus = Part of the Limbic System, involved in triggering aggressive response Amygdala = Stimulated electrically leads to aggressive behavior, and removal stops aggressive behavior PET-1 Gene = Linked to the production of serotonin, which inhibits aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following findings with their implications for aggression:

    <p>Testosterone given to newborn female mice = Causes increased aggression in adulthood Low levels of serotonin = Result in reduced self-control and increased aggression Damage to PET-1 Gene in mice = Raises aggression due to serotonin production link Removing amygdala in patients = Reduces aggressive incidents by 33% to 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their implications for aggression:

    <p>Serotonin production drugs = Lead to reduced levels of aggression Amygdala stimulation = Leads to aggressive behavior in animals Serotonin deficiency = Linked to increased aggression PET-1 Gene = Linked to the production of serotonin, which inhibits aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones/neurotransmitters with their impact on aggression:

    <p>Testosterone = Masculinizes androgen-sensitive neural circuits underlying aggression in the brain Serotonin = Inhibits aggression and low levels are linked to increased aggression Cortisol = May inhibit aggression through fear, with low levels linked to sensation-seeking behavior and conduct disorder PET-1 Gene = Linked to the production of serotonin, which inhibits aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters/hormones with their role in aggression:

    <p>Serotonin = Inhibiting impulsive and aggressive behavior Testosterone = Affecting certain types of aggression in animals and individuals Cortisol = Inhibiting aggression through fear and linked to sensation-seeking behavior Genetics = Evident in animal and twin studies, suggesting a genetic basis for aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research findings with their implications for aggression:

    <p>Low serotonin levels in violent criminals = Relationship between serotonin levels and violent behaviors Rats with higher serotonin levels = Supporting link between serotonin and aggression Serotonin-enhancing drug reduces aggression = Indicating a link between serotonin function and aggression Genetic influences on aggression = Evident in animal and twin studies, highlighting complexity of criminality and aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following criticisms with their target of critique in aggression research:

    <p>Ethical concerns regarding drug treatment for aggression = Suggesting diet and exercise as more ethical alternatives Biological reductionism oversimplifying aggression = Neglecting genetic and environmental factors Neural and hormonal research = Correlational nature of evidence and neglect of social and environmental factors Evolutionary research on human aggression = Facing criticisms regarding gender and reductionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic factors with their association to aggression:

    <p>MAOA gene = Linked to aggressive behavior Testosterone levels = Masculinize aggression systems in the brain Sry gene = Associated with high aggression XYY gene = Hypothesis for aggression debunked due to rarity in the general population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) = Instinctive behaviors triggered by specific stimuli, running their course to completion Ethology = Studies animal behavior to understand human psychology, focusing on ritualistic signaling and Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) Limbic System = Acts as an alarm system triggering an aggressive response to certain types of threats Serotonin = Inhibits aggression and is linked to the PET-1 Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research findings with their implications for aggression:

    <p>Interaction of MAOA gene and abusive childhood experiences = Increases likelihood of adult aggression Criticism of genetic research on aggression = Include animal studies and reductionist and deterministic perspectives Evolutionary explanations of human aggression = Propose that aggression serves a purpose and has adaptive features Ethical concerns about genetic predisposition to aggression = Raises concerns about interventions like genetic engineering or chemical castration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories with their critiques:

    <p>Evolutionary explanations of human aggression = Critics point out that the deterministic nature of evolutionary theories on aggression is unethical and reductionist, and may not consider other factors that contribute to aggression, such as cultural and individual differences. Innate Releasing Mechanisms (IRM) = IRM trigger instinctive responses to certain signs in creatures, but this cannot be generalized to humans due to the complexity of human behavior. Hydraulic Model of instinctive behavior = The Hydraulic Model of instinctive behavior, proposed by Lorenz, suggests that aggression builds up and is released through fixed action patterns, but it fails to explain premeditated aggression and bearing grudges. Fixed action patterns = Fixed action patterns are influenced by environmental factors and learning experiences, challenging the idea of fixed and unchanging behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following researchers with their findings on human aggression:

    <p>Eibesfeldt = Found that cultural differences in signs can change more quickly than evolutionary patterns, casting doubt on the evolutionary basis of certain behaviors. David Buss = Identified seven adaptations of aggression in humans, including self-defense, reputation management, resource acquisition, and preventing infidelity. Lorenz = Proposed the Hydraulic Model of instinctive behavior, suggesting that aggression builds up and is released through fixed action patterns. Berman et al. = Found that participants given a serotonin-enhancing drug showed reduced aggression, indicating a link between serotonin function and aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of aggression with their explanations:

    <p>Inter-group aggression = Explained by cognitive biases towards organized aggression and the military contract, according to Buss. Intra-group aggression = Mainly linked to male rivalry and sexual jealousy, considered evolutionary, as it is common in all human cultures. Cyber bullying = Suggests that aggression is not solely rooted in evolutionary patterns, showing that humans can develop new ways of expressing aggression. Self-defense = One of the adaptations of aggression in humans identified by David Buss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories with their explanations of aggression:

    <p>Evolutionary explanations = Aggression may seem natural, but context-specific factors such as jealousy and domestic violence can control it. Social learning theory = Children learn aggressive behaviors through observational learning and modeling. De-individuation theory = Humans tend to be aggressive when they believe they can get away with it, especially when disguised or in a crowd. Frustration-aggression hypothesis = Aggression results from frustration, which is any event preventing an individual from attaining a goal and its reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following findings with their implications for understanding aggression:

    <p>Viewing violence in the media = May lead children to develop cognitive scripts involving violence and become desensitized to real-life violence. Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments = Showed that children imitated aggressive behavior, influenced by vicarious reinforcement and disinhibition. Positive criticisms of Bandura's theory = Highlight its implications for understanding the causes of good and bad behavior in society. Negative criticisms of Bandura's experiment = Include concerns about ecological validity and demand characteristics influencing the children's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their influence on aggression:

    <p>Environmental factors = Such as stressors, heat, and noise can affect cortisol levels in pregnant mothers, potentially impacting childhood aggression. Women with several brothers in town = Are less likely to be victims of domestic violence, indicating that aggression can be influenced and controlled. Cortisol levels = May inhibit aggression through fear, with low levels linked to sensation-seeking behavior and conduct disorder in children. Drugs increasing serotonin production = Lead to reduced levels of aggression, suggesting that low levels of serotonin are linked to increased aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Theories on Fixed Action Patterns and Human Aggression

    • Fixed action patterns are influenced by environmental factors and learning experiences, challenging the idea of fixed and unchanging behaviors.
    • Eibesfeldt found that cultural differences in signs can change more quickly than evolutionary patterns, casting doubt on the evolutionary basis of certain behaviors.
    • Humans can develop new ways of expressing aggression, such as cyber bullying, suggesting that aggression is not solely rooted in evolutionary patterns.
    • Innate Releasing Mechanisms (IRM) trigger instinctive responses to certain signs in creatures, but this cannot be generalized to humans due to the complexity of human behavior.
    • The Hydraulic Model of instinctive behavior, proposed by Lorenz, suggests that aggression builds up and is released through fixed action patterns, but it fails to explain premeditated aggression and bearing grudges.
    • Evolutionary explanations of human aggression propose that aggression serves a purpose and has adaptive features.
    • David Buss has identified seven adaptations of aggression in humans, including self-defense, reputation management, resource acquisition, and preventing infidelity.
    • Inter-group aggression, such as warfare and gang conflicts, is explained by cognitive biases towards organized aggression and the military contract, according to Buss.
    • Intra-group aggression, mainly linked to male rivalry and sexual jealousy, is considered evolutionary, as it is common in all human cultures.
    • Evolutionary research on human aggression has faced criticisms regarding ethics, gender, and reductionism, as it may be used to justify violence and oversimplifies complex issues.
    • Critics point out that the deterministic nature of evolutionary theories on aggression is unethical and reductionist, and may not consider other factors that contribute to aggression, such as cultural and individual differences.
    • However, proponents of evolutionary explanations of human aggression, like Buss, emphasize that humans are not solely controlled by their genes and have the ability to learn and choose, mitigating some of the ethical concerns.

    Theories on Fixed Action Patterns and Human Aggression

    • Fixed action patterns are influenced by environmental factors and learning experiences, challenging the idea of fixed and unchanging behaviors.
    • Eibesfeldt found that cultural differences in signs can change more quickly than evolutionary patterns, casting doubt on the evolutionary basis of certain behaviors.
    • Humans can develop new ways of expressing aggression, such as cyber bullying, suggesting that aggression is not solely rooted in evolutionary patterns.
    • Innate Releasing Mechanisms (IRM) trigger instinctive responses to certain signs in creatures, but this cannot be generalized to humans due to the complexity of human behavior.
    • The Hydraulic Model of instinctive behavior, proposed by Lorenz, suggests that aggression builds up and is released through fixed action patterns, but it fails to explain premeditated aggression and bearing grudges.
    • Evolutionary explanations of human aggression propose that aggression serves a purpose and has adaptive features.
    • David Buss has identified seven adaptations of aggression in humans, including self-defense, reputation management, resource acquisition, and preventing infidelity.
    • Inter-group aggression, such as warfare and gang conflicts, is explained by cognitive biases towards organized aggression and the military contract, according to Buss.
    • Intra-group aggression, mainly linked to male rivalry and sexual jealousy, is considered evolutionary, as it is common in all human cultures.
    • Evolutionary research on human aggression has faced criticisms regarding ethics, gender, and reductionism, as it may be used to justify violence and oversimplifies complex issues.
    • Critics point out that the deterministic nature of evolutionary theories on aggression is unethical and reductionist, and may not consider other factors that contribute to aggression, such as cultural and individual differences.
    • However, proponents of evolutionary explanations of human aggression, like Buss, emphasize that humans are not solely controlled by their genes and have the ability to learn and choose, mitigating some of the ethical concerns.

    Understanding Aggression: Heredity, Environment, and Social Theories

    • Environmental factors such as stressors, heat, and noise can affect cortisol levels in pregnant mothers, potentially impacting childhood aggression.
    • Evolutionary explanations suggest that aggression may seem natural, but context-specific factors such as jealousy and domestic violence can control it.
    • Women with several brothers in town are less likely to be victims of domestic violence, indicating that aggression can be influenced and controlled.
    • Social learning theory challenges behaviorist beliefs, suggesting that children learn aggressive behaviors through observational learning and modeling.
    • Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments showed that children imitated aggressive behavior, influenced by vicarious reinforcement and disinhibition.
    • Bandura concluded that aggression is not inevitable, and children's behavior may depend on the consequences they observe for their role models.
    • Positive criticisms of Bandura's theory highlight its implications for understanding the causes of good and bad behavior in society.
    • Negative criticisms of Bandura's experiment include concerns about ecological validity and demand characteristics influencing the children's behavior.
    • Viewing violence in the media may lead children to develop cognitive scripts involving violence and become desensitized to real-life violence.
    • De-individuation theory suggests that humans tend to be aggressive when they believe they can get away with it, especially when disguised or in a crowd.
    • Research supports the idea that de-individuation can lead to aggression, but it also shows instances where de-individuated individuals are not necessarily aggressive.
    • The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that aggression results from frustration, which is any event preventing an individual from attaining a goal and its reinforcement.

    Biological Factors in Aggression: The Role of Serotonin, Testosterone, Cortisol, and Genetics

    • Serotonin deficiency hypothesis suggests that decreased serotonin disturbs the OFC, reducing inhibitory control over impulsive and aggressive behavior
    • Research shows a relationship between low serotonin levels and violent behaviors, with violent criminals having the lowest serotonin levels
    • Rats selected for reduced aggression had higher serotonin levels, supporting the link between serotonin and aggression
    • Evidence linking low serotonin and aggression is mostly correlational and does not establish causality
    • Berman et al. found that participants given a serotonin-enhancing drug showed reduced aggression, indicating a link between serotonin function and aggression
    • Ethical concerns exist regarding treating aggression with drugs, suggesting diet and exercise as more ethical alternatives
    • Biological reductionism oversimplifies aggression, neglecting genetic and environmental factors
    • Testosterone has been shown to affect certain types of aggression in animals, with high levels linked to aggression in aggressive boys, violent criminals, and military offenders
    • Elevated testosterone levels correlate with aggression, but social and cognitive factors mediate aggressive acts
    • Cortisol may inhibit aggression through fear, with low levels linked to sensation-seeking behavior and conduct disorder in teenagers
    • Criticisms of neural and hormonal research include the correlational nature of evidence and the neglect of social and environmental factors
    • Genetic influences on aggression are evident in animal studies and twin studies, suggesting a genetic basis for aggression but also highlighting the complexity of criminality and aggression as separate constructs

    Theories on Fixed Action Patterns and Human Aggression

    • Fixed action patterns are influenced by environmental factors and learning experiences, challenging the idea of fixed and unchanging behaviors.
    • Eibesfeldt found that cultural differences in signs can change more quickly than evolutionary patterns, casting doubt on the evolutionary basis of certain behaviors.
    • Humans can develop new ways of expressing aggression, such as cyber bullying, suggesting that aggression is not solely rooted in evolutionary patterns.
    • Innate Releasing Mechanisms (IRM) trigger instinctive responses to certain signs in creatures, but this cannot be generalized to humans due to the complexity of human behavior.
    • The Hydraulic Model of instinctive behavior, proposed by Lorenz, suggests that aggression builds up and is released through fixed action patterns, but it fails to explain premeditated aggression and bearing grudges.
    • Evolutionary explanations of human aggression propose that aggression serves a purpose and has adaptive features.
    • David Buss has identified seven adaptations of aggression in humans, including self-defense, reputation management, resource acquisition, and preventing infidelity.
    • Inter-group aggression, such as warfare and gang conflicts, is explained by cognitive biases towards organized aggression and the military contract, according to Buss.
    • Intra-group aggression, mainly linked to male rivalry and sexual jealousy, is considered evolutionary, as it is common in all human cultures.
    • Evolutionary research on human aggression has faced criticisms regarding ethics, gender, and reductionism, as it may be used to justify violence and oversimplifies complex issues.
    • Critics point out that the deterministic nature of evolutionary theories on aggression is unethical and reductionist, and may not consider other factors that contribute to aggression, such as cultural and individual differences.
    • However, proponents of evolutionary explanations of human aggression, like Buss, emphasize that humans are not solely controlled by their genes and have the ability to learn and choose, mitigating some of the ethical concerns.

    Understanding Aggression: Heredity, Environment, and Social Theories

    • Environmental factors such as stressors, heat, and noise can affect cortisol levels in pregnant mothers, potentially impacting childhood aggression.
    • Evolutionary explanations suggest that aggression may seem natural, but context-specific factors such as jealousy and domestic violence can control it.
    • Women with several brothers in town are less likely to be victims of domestic violence, indicating that aggression can be influenced and controlled.
    • Social learning theory challenges behaviorist beliefs, suggesting that children learn aggressive behaviors through observational learning and modeling.
    • Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments showed that children imitated aggressive behavior, influenced by vicarious reinforcement and disinhibition.
    • Bandura concluded that aggression is not inevitable, and children's behavior may depend on the consequences they observe for their role models.
    • Positive criticisms of Bandura's theory highlight its implications for understanding the causes of good and bad behavior in society.
    • Negative criticisms of Bandura's experiment include concerns about ecological validity and demand characteristics influencing the children's behavior.
    • Viewing violence in the media may lead children to develop cognitive scripts involving violence and become desensitized to real-life violence.
    • De-individuation theory suggests that humans tend to be aggressive when they believe they can get away with it, especially when disguised or in a crowd.
    • Research supports the idea that de-individuation can lead to aggression, but it also shows instances where de-individuated individuals are not necessarily aggressive.
    • The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that aggression results from frustration, which is any event preventing an individual from attaining a goal and its reinforcement.

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    Test your knowledge of theories on fixed action patterns and human aggression with this quiz. Explore the influence of environmental factors, cultural differences, evolutionary patterns, and innate releasing mechanisms on aggression. Delve into the complexities of human behavior and the ethical considerations of evolutionary explanations.

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