Theoretical & Geometrical Optics 1

Theoretical & Geometrical Optics 1

• Course taught by Mary Ann Gizzele F. Guani, ECE, OD
• Covers fundamental concepts of optics

Conversions

• 1 meter = 1000 millimeters
• 1 meter = 100 centimeters
• 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
• 1 foot = 12 inches
• 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters

Addition and Subtraction of Integers

• Rules for adding integers
  • Positive + Positive = Positive
  • Negative + Negative = Negative
  • Positive + Negative = Subtract, Sign of larger number
  • Negative + Positive = Subtract, Sign of larger number
• Rules for subtracting integers
  • Positive - Positive = Subtract, Sign of larger number
  • Negative - Negative = Add, keep the sign of the first number
  • Positive - Negative = Add
  • Negative - Positive = Subtract, keep the sign of the first number

Optics

• Branch of physics studying light and its properties, behavior, generation, propagation, detection, and interaction with matter

• Subdivisions of light

  • Light ray: Path of a single photon from a point source
  • Pencil of light: Bundle of rays
  • Beam of light: Collection of divergent, convergent, or parallel pencils from an extended source

• Types of Optics

  • Physical optics: Examines light as energy particles emitted by sources and absorbed by other substances.
  • Geometric optics: Deals with image formation with rays of light through lenses, prisms and mirrors
  • Quantum optics: Investigates interactions between light and matter considering light as having both wave and particle properties

Light

• Nature and Properties: The fundamental nature of light.
• Light as energy to which the human eye is sensitive
• Similar to sound, passes through mediums but unlike sound, can travel in a vacuum
• Dual nature of light (wave and particle)
• Light as a wave exhibiting phenomena like diffraction and interference.
• Light as a particle, with phenomena like rectilinear propagation, reflection, and refraction.

Light and its Dual Nature (Wave and Particle)

• Light exhibits wave properties such as diffraction, interference, polarization
• Light exhibits particle properties such as rectilinear propagation, reflection, refraction.

Subdivisions of Light

• Light ray: Path of a single photon or light particle from a single point source.
• Pencil of light: A bundle of rays.
• Beam of light: A collection of rays from an extended source that can be divergent, convergent, or parallel.

Diffraction

• Apparent bending of waves around obstacles; waves spreading out past small openings.

Interference

• When two waves meet, collide, or intersect while traveling through the same medium. Two types:
  • Constructive: Amplitudes increase
  • Destructive: Amplitudes decrease
• Superposition principle by Thomas Young: The principle of superposition explains wave interference. The crest or trough of one wave meets the crest or trough of another wave, adding the amplitudes, resulting in either constructive or destructive interference
• Young's Two-Slit Experiment: Illustrates wave nature of light. Each slit acts as a new source, producing interference patterns on a screen.
• Applications in optics: Anti-reflective coatings (AR coatings) exploit interference to minimize reflection in optical instruments.

Polarization

• Transforming unpolarized light into polarized light.
• Polarized light oscillates in one plane.

Rectilinear Propagation

• Light in a homogeneous medium travels in straight-line paths
• Rays

Reflection

• When light approaches a smooth polished surface and bounces back
• Two types
  • Regular (specular): Light rays reflect at equal angles
  • Diffused : Light rays reflect at different angles

Refraction

• Bending of light when passing from one medium to another.
• Refraction of light