Theodore Roosevelt's Foreign Policy

• Theodore Roosevelt's foreign affairs policy distinguished between civilized and uncivilized people based on race and economic development.
• Civilized societies should have the right to correct the backwards practices of uncivilized nations.
• Roosevelt ended the Russo-Japanese War, earning a Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.
• He sent the "Great White Fleet" to Japan to ensure they recognized US power.
• Roosevelt focused on maintaining control over Latin America and keeping Europe out.

Roosevelt Corollary

• Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine allows the US to protect its economic interests in South and Central America Using military force.

Panama Canal

• Linked the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and was Roosevelt's most celebrated accomplishment.
• Secretary of State John Hay was sent to negotiate with Colombia
• After initial agreement issues, Roosevelt teamed up with the chief engineer of the French Canal Project to organize a revolt in Panama
• Panama became independent and agreed to the original US terms.
• Canal Construction started in 1903 and ended in 1914

Dollar Diplomacy

• William Howard Taft's foreign policy advanced overseas economic interests by extending American investments into less developed regions.
• During a 1909 Nicaraguan revolt, the US sided with the rebels.
• Secretary of State Philander C. Knox encouraged American bankers to offer loans to Nicaragua to increase US power.

Moral Diplomacy

• Wilson followed Taft and Roosevelt in trying to keep European influence out of Latin America.
• Taft had been willing to work with corrupt Mexican rulers, but Wilson refused, leading to violence and damaging US-Mexico relations which was overshadowed when war broke out.

Triple Entente

• This alliance consisted of Great Britain, France, and Russia and supported Serbia.
• Great Britain focused on undermining Germany to maintain its colonial and commercial power.

Triple Alliance / Central Powers

• Included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire, where Germany wanted to achieve equal status with Great Britain.

Ottoman Empire

• Sided with the Triple Alliance, but was broken up into new countries after the war.

Lusitania

• In 1915, Germany used aggressive submarine warfare to prevent American supplies from reaching Great Britain.
• A German submarine sank the British passenger liner Lusitania without warning on May 7, 1915.
• Among the 1,198 deaths, 128 were American.
• The event angered Americans, leading to a German promise not to repeat such actions, and tensions rose due to a similar event involving a French ship.

1916 Election

• Democrat Woodrow Wilson won reelection against Republican Charles E. Hughes (277 electoral votes for Wilson).
• Despite preparations for war in 1915, many Americans still wanted peace and Wilson's slogan was "he kept us out of war".
• Wilson won the re-election with less than 600,000 vote margin.

Charles Evans Hughes

• Republican candidate in the 1916 election Republicans united and supported Hughes
• He was also supported by Theodore Roosevelt

Zimmerman Telegram (1917)

• The British intercepted a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico.
• The Telegram proposed that if the US joined the war, Mexico should ally with Germany and reclaim territory lost to the US, like Texas.
• This increased US public sentiment for war, combined with Russia leaving the war, and German torpedoing of 3 American ships resulted in the US declaring war.

Stalemate

• By early 1917, the war reached a stalemate with both sides decimated and exhausted.
• The Allies foresaw the US joining as a final push to win the war.

Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks

• Lenin was a Russian Marxist revolutionary, leader of the Bolsheviks, and headed the Soviet state, working to create a socialist economic system.
• The Bolsheviks aimed to lead the working class.

Selective Service Act

• This was enacted with lack of soldiers.
• Wilson and Secretary of War Newton D. Baker established a national draft with the Selective Service Act in May 1917.
• This brought 3 million men into the army and 2 million more joined voluntarily.

Gen John J Pershing

• He led the American Expeditionary Force at the time Americans were joining allied forces.
• The American miltary remained separate from the Europeans
• Pershing had led the unsuccessful pursuit of Pancho Villa before this position.

Chateau-Thierry

• In June 1918, a battle occurred fifty miles outside of Paris.
• American forces assisted the French in repelling the German offensive.
• This tipped the balance of power and allowed Allied forces to advance, leading to the end of the stalemate.

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

• Was planned by Marshall Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line.
• This pushed Germans back and cut off their supply lines, which led to them seeking an armistice to avoid invasion.

Liberty Bonds

• Government sold them to launch the drive to solicit loans from Americans
• By 1930, $23 billion was added to the budget through this appealing approach.
• New Taxes contributed additional revenue.

War Industries Board (WIB)

• Created to oversee war needs, supervised sectors like railroads, fuel, and food.
• Started in July 1917 coordinating government purchases of supplies
• Restructured in March 1918 and allowed more power
• Suffered from mismanagement and inefficiency

Herbert Hoover

• Managed war boards in charge of food, elevating his career as an engineer & business executive.
• Efficient organization of domestic food supply produced a lot of output for the war.

Bernard Baruch

• He headed the War Industries Board, placing industries under federal control, and decided what factories would convert to.
• He decided prices and materials, chose businesses, and provided central regulations.

Ludlow Massacre (1914)

• The strike continued even after all the workers were evicted.
• The militia aided in attacking a workers' tent colony, where 39 people died.

Great Migration

• Involved hundreds of thousands of African Americans moving North to industrial northern cities where people could enjoy more freedom and autonomy.
• People were pushed by poverty, indebtness, racism, and violence.
• The labor force was scarce because of a labor shortage as people were needed to work during war so more migration occured.

Women's Peace Party

• Led by Carrie Chapman Catt in 1915.
• They had a small but active membership that tried to prevent the us from joining the war effort
• The NAWSA supported the war, and Catt then supported the war as a way to support suffrage.

Eugene V. Debs

• Because many Americans had favored the repression of socialists and radicals
• As leader of the socialist party and opponent of war was sentenced to prison
• He was released in 1921 by President Warren Harding

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

• To rally public support for the war, this committee was headed by Denver Journalist George Creel
• He spoke about unity achieved by literature and posters, but escalated into horrors portrayals.

Espionage Act

• Passed in 1917, it created penalties/fines for spying, sabotage, or obstruction of the war effort
• Post Office banned anti-war materials, including publications that said the government was controlled by Wall Street or socialist party.

Sedition Act of 1918

• It made any public expression of opposition to the war illegal and allowed for persecution of critics.
• The Socialist Party and IWW were the most frequent targets.

100% Americanism

• Refers to frequent repression of immigrants via the Espionage and Sedition Acts.
• "Loyalist" groups policed immigrants leading to the sentiment as 100 percent Americanism.

Fourteen Points

• Wilson's plan of 14 provisions for ending the war fell into 3 categories.
• 8 addressed boundaries and establishing new nations which reflected the belief in self-determination.
• 5 outlined principles for international conduct: freedom of the seas, open covenants, reduced armaments, free trade, and impartial mediation.
• The last provision concerned the League of Nations.

David Lloyd George

• He represented Great Britain at the Paris Peace Conference, but did not want to negotiate peace, wanting the Kaiser captured and executed.

George Clemenceau

• French Prime Minister during the Versailles Conference, he pushed for heavy reparations to punish Germany.

"White" Russians

• Counterrevolutionaries/anti-Bolsheviks fought against the Bolshevik socialist government.
• Wilson sent American troops to assist against the Bolsheviks, but refused to recognize the new government and kept troops there until 1920.

Irreconcilables

• Republicans who opposed joining the League of Nations.

Henry Cabot Lodge

• He was chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee who opposed joining the League of Nations and aimed to give republicans an issue for thr 1920 election.
• He obstructed the treaty and raised minority complaints raising enough opposition.

Boston Police Strike

• In September 1919, police went on strike after layoffs and wage cuts caused by their demand for union recognition.
• Violence and looting erupted, and Governor Calvin Coolidge called in the National Guard.
• The striking police were fired and replaced.

Marcus Garvey

• A Jamaican who founded the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and attracted followers supporting nationalism ideology.
• This called for African Americans to take pride in heritage, develope race pride and move back to Africa.
• He launched Black owned businesses and had rallies/parades
• He was deported after being arrested in 1923.

Chicago Race Riots

• A black teenager swam into a white area of the water at a beach and was stoned to death.
• Angry blacks fought back, escalating into citywide violence with 38 deaths.

Comintern

• The Soviet government started the Communist International to export communist revolution.
• It led to the Red Scare

Palmer Raids

• On New Year's Day in 1920, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover planned raids on alleged radical centers where 6000 people were arested.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

• In May 1920, two Italian immigrants were charged with murder
• Despite questionable evidence, their sentence was death
• Widespread support to free them after several years.

Return to normalcy

• Warren G Harding won the 1920 election and it was the end of the era of reform -Americans wanted to focus on themselves instead of focusing on world like they had been for the past few years.

Roosevelt Corollary

• Expanded the Monroe Doctrine.
• The U.S. would use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America.
• "Speak softly and carry a big stick"

Two Major Events During TR's Presidency

• End the Russo-Japanese War, where he won a peace prize for mediating.
• Built the Panama Canal which helped their militaristic and economic goals.

Dollar Diplomacy

• US bankers have loans to give to foreign countries and make em dependent in the US.

Missionary Diplomacy

• Previously, the US would recognize any government, but now they only support democratic governments and not oppressive ones.

4 Main Causes of WWI

• Militarism: increased military spending (arms race)
• Alliances: 2 major defense alliances formed
• Imperialism: Competition for markets
• Nationalism: devotion to one's own nation

Militarism

• European nations began increasing military spending after the mid 1800s
• Naval fleets were developed in France, Italy, Japan, and the US to rival Englands
• tool for diplomacy because it was threatening and kept peace

Alliances

• The alliances were the Central Powers/Triple Alliance and the Allies/Triple Entente

Imperialism

• For centuries, european nations had already been expanding and supplying raw materials

Nationalism

• With every nation feeling superior to others, it leads to rivalries
• Russia and Austria-Hungary disagreed over the treatment of Serbs in Central Europe

Spark of the War

• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• the black hand schemed this assassination that started the war

Trench Warfare

• Really wet and nasty with human feces in the water leading to trench foot

American Neutrality

• Americans favored neutrality and saw it as a "european family feud."
• America sold goods to both sides however it led to blockades.

US War Profiteering

• It was sold to both sides where German and British imposed naval blockades on each other harming trade

Escalating for US (Boat Attacks)

• May 1915: Germans torpedoed the Lusitania Germany attacks a french ship (sussex)
• In november of 1916 wilson is reelected on the promise that he will keep America out of the war

Sussex Pledge

• Germany would give an adequate warning to the ship before just torpedoing it for only a year

What Drags the US into War?

• Four reasons: Kaiswer Wilhelm ignores Wilson's request for peace, Revolution, Zimmerman telegram drama & Resuming of unrestricted submarine warfare

How the US Economized During the War

• Congress gave president direct control over the government
• industrial production and wages increased
• Factories kept open and were ran by the National War Labor Board

National War Labor Board

• Dealt with disputes

Making American Ready for War

• Selective Service Act helped
• A Convoy system was created

Sacrificing for War

• Food administration called for conservation
• Farmers increased production

How the US Raised Money for the War

• Liberty and victory bonds were the majority

How the US Raised Public Support for the War

• Very successful campaign led by the Committee of Public Information pushing xenophobia & inflammatory hatred
• Silenced negative opinions

Worldwide Flu Epidemic

• Hit in the fall of 1918 with about 25-50 million dead

Social Change in America

• Great migration and race ware occured

Fighting in Europe

• Succeeded in stopping the German advance at Chateau thierry and Belleau Wood in France

Collapse of Germany

• Soldiers were rebelling and ignoring commands (mutiny)
• Wilhelm abdicated his throne
• Economy was too exhausted to continue

The Big Three

• Included David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, and Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando from Italy

Why Versailles?

• This is where the german empire began and signed 5 years to the day after the murder of the archduke

Germany's Punishment for WWI

• Blame and reparations

Austria Hungary post WWI

• Austria and Hungary broke up post WWI

Ottoman Empire post WWI

• SOme territories given indpendence Palestine, Iraq, Syri, given to Britain and France

Russia post WWI

• Not invited after being communist
• Lost land

League of Nations

• Created under Wilson

Anger of Versailles

• The treaty was too harsh creating anger on all sides

The Treaty Factions

• There were Internationals & Reservationists in the treaty.
• Some simply didnt want to ratify.

The Lodge Reservations

• 14 formal amendments to the treaty were created

Race Riots

• The african americans experienced race roits in northern cities

Red Summer

• Riots occured in 25 cities