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Questions and Answers
Which microorganisms dominate in the rumen?
Which microorganisms dominate in the rumen?
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Aerobic bacteria
- Anaerobic bacteria (correct)
Rumen acidification can occur as a result of what?
Rumen acidification can occur as a result of what?
- Direct digestion of rumen microbes
- Feeding on a varied diet
- Changes in the rumen flora (correct)
- Detoxification of plant metabolites
What is the potential consequence of rumen acidification?
What is the potential consequence of rumen acidification?
- Detoxification of plant metabolites
- Inflammation of the rumen (correct)
- Increased production of amino acids
- Synthesis of vitamins by rumen microbes
What is the role of rumen microbes in the diet of ruminant animals?
What is the role of rumen microbes in the diet of ruminant animals?
How many bacterial 'species' are found in the rumen?
How many bacterial 'species' are found in the rumen?
What can rumen microorganisms serve as to their host when directly digested?
What can rumen microorganisms serve as to their host when directly digested?
What type of metabolic reactions do rumen microorganisms perform?
What type of metabolic reactions do rumen microorganisms perform?
What enables cattle to eat a more varied diet?
What enables cattle to eat a more varied diet?
Which protein in the nodule binds up free oxygen and serves as an 'oxygen buffer' to protect nitrogenases from free oxygen?
Which protein in the nodule binds up free oxygen and serves as an 'oxygen buffer' to protect nitrogenases from free oxygen?
What is the function of Nod factors excreted by rhizobia during root nodule formation?
What is the function of Nod factors excreted by rhizobia during root nodule formation?
Which type of mycorrhizae remains outside the plant roots and forms an extensive sheath around the outside of the root?
Which type of mycorrhizae remains outside the plant roots and forms an extensive sheath around the outside of the root?
Which type of mycorrhizae becomes deeply embedded within the root tissue and is called arbuscular mycorrhizae?
Which type of mycorrhizae becomes deeply embedded within the root tissue and is called arbuscular mycorrhizae?
What is the main role of mycorrhizal fungi in plants?
What is the main role of mycorrhizal fungi in plants?
Which group of insects decompose cellulose and hemicellulose?
Which group of insects decompose cellulose and hemicellulose?
Which type of fermentation chamber precedes the small intestine in herbivorous animals?
Which type of fermentation chamber precedes the small intestine in herbivorous animals?
Which digestive organ in ruminants is responsible for digesting cellulose with the help of microbes?
Which digestive organ in ruminants is responsible for digesting cellulose with the help of microbes?
What is the main energy source for ruminant animals?
What is the main energy source for ruminant animals?
Which of the following best describes lichens?
Which of the following best describes lichens?
What is the main function of the fungus in a lichen symbiosis?
What is the main function of the fungus in a lichen symbiosis?
What is the result of legume roots being infected by nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
What is the result of legume roots being infected by nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
Why do nodulated legumes grow well in areas where other plants would not?
Why do nodulated legumes grow well in areas where other plants would not?
What is the main requirement for nitrogen-fixing bacteria to generate energy for nitrogen fixation?
What is the main requirement for nitrogen-fixing bacteria to generate energy for nitrogen fixation?
What happens to the nitrogen-fixing enzymes in the presence of oxygen?
What happens to the nitrogen-fixing enzymes in the presence of oxygen?
Which of the following is NOT a type of microbial symbiosis discussed in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of microbial symbiosis discussed in the text?
What is the role of mycorrhizae in plant-microbial symbiosis?
What is the role of mycorrhizae in plant-microbial symbiosis?
Most nitrogen-fixing bacteria symbiotically associated with plants are called?
Most nitrogen-fixing bacteria symbiotically associated with plants are called?
Plant root nodules are:
Plant root nodules are:
Where are ectomycorrhizae most highly developed and where?
Where are ectomycorrhizae most highly developed and where?
Where are endomycorrhizae found and developed?
Where are endomycorrhizae found and developed?
How do arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) help plants obtain more nutrients from the soil?
How do arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) help plants obtain more nutrients from the soil?
The rumen is an ( ) habitat that depends on ( ) to digest cellulose for ruminant animals
The rumen is an ( ) habitat that depends on ( ) to digest cellulose for ruminant animals
lichens are a mutualistic association of a fungus and either an alga or a cyanobacterium in which:
lichens are a mutualistic association of a fungus and either an alga or a cyanobacterium in which:
Study Notes
Rumen Microorganisms
- Bacteria, protozoa, and fungi dominate in the rumen of ruminant animals
- Rumen acidification occurs as a result of excessive fermentation of non-structural carbohydrates
- Potential consequence of rumen acidification is a decrease in fiber digestion and microbial growth
Rumen Microbes' Role
- Rumen microbes break down cellulose, proteins, and other dietary components in the rumen
- There are approximately 1,000 to 1,500 bacterial 'species' found in the rumen
- Rumen microorganisms can serve as a source of protein for their host when directly digested
- Rumen microorganisms perform fermentation reactions, producing volatile fatty acids as energy sources
Nitrogen Fixation
- Legume roots become infected by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which form root nodules
- Nod factors excreted by rhizobia during root nodule formation trigger the plant's response
- The protein leghemoglobin in the nodule binds up free oxygen and serves as an 'oxygen buffer' to protect nitrogenases from free oxygen
- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria require energy generated from the plant to fix atmospheric nitrogen
Mycorrhizal Fungi
- Ectomycorrhizae remain outside the plant roots and form an extensive sheath around the root
- Endomycorrhizae (arbuscular mycorrhizae) become deeply embedded within the root tissue
- Mycorrhizal fungi aid plants in obtaining more nutrients from the soil
- Main role of mycorrhizal fungi is to facilitate nutrient uptake by plants
Insects and Fermentation
- Insects, such as termites, decompose cellulose and hemicellulose
- The rumen precedes the small intestine in herbivorous animals and is responsible for digesting cellulose with microbial help
- The main energy source for ruminant animals is volatile fatty acids produced through fermentation
Lichens
- Lichens are a mutualistic association of a fungus and either an alga or a cyanobacterium
- The main function of the fungus in a lichen symbiosis is to provide protection and structure
- Lichens can thrive in environments where other organisms cannot survive due to their symbiotic association
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Description
Test your knowledge on microbial symbioses with this quiz. Explore the fascinating world of lichens, their habitats, and their symbiotic relationships with other organisms.
