Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the Water Code of the Philippines, which principle governs the State's authority over water resources?
According to the Water Code of the Philippines, which principle governs the State's authority over water resources?
- Only surface waters are under the control of the State; groundwater can be privately owned.
- All waters belong to the State and their use or development requires administrative concession. (correct)
- The State only manages water resources that cross municipal boundaries.
- The State has the right to utilize water resources for the benefit of private corporations.
Which of the following represents a valid objective of the Water Code of the Philippines?
Which of the following represents a valid objective of the Water Code of the Philippines?
- To define the rights and obligations of water users and owners, including protection and regulation of those rights. (correct)
- To minimize government intervention in water resource management.
- To facilitate private ownership and unregulated exploitation of water resources.
- To allow for the unrestricted use of water resources for agricultural purposes.
Which of the following types of water resources are considered to belong to the State, even when found on private lands?
Which of the following types of water resources are considered to belong to the State, even when found on private lands?
- Continuous or intermittent waters rising on the land. (correct)
- Commercially sold bottled water.
- Water collected in a privately owned cistern.
- Water used for private recreational activities.
Under what condition can an owner use water found on their land for domestic purposes without securing a permit, according to the Water Code?
Under what condition can an owner use water found on their land for domestic purposes without securing a permit, according to the Water Code?
How does the Water Code of the Philippines define 'appropriation' of water?
How does the Water Code of the Philippines define 'appropriation' of water?
According to the Water Code, which of the following uses of water requires prior approval from the Council to change from its originally appropriated purpose?
According to the Water Code, which of the following uses of water requires prior approval from the Council to change from its originally appropriated purpose?
Who is eligible to apply for a water permit in the Philippines?
Who is eligible to apply for a water permit in the Philippines?
According to the Water Code, what is the primary criterion for determining the extent and measure of water appropriation?
According to the Water Code, what is the primary criterion for determining the extent and measure of water appropriation?
What condition typically allows for modification or cancellation of water permits, according to the Water Code?
What condition typically allows for modification or cancellation of water permits, according to the Water Code?
Which factor should be considered with preference in the development of water resources, as per the Water Code?
Which factor should be considered with preference in the development of water resources, as per the Water Code?
According to the Water Code, what is the implication if a river or stream suddenly changes its course across private lands?
According to the Water Code, what is the implication if a river or stream suddenly changes its course across private lands?
Under what circumstance may the Council prohibit the impounding of water in ponds or reservoirs?
Under what circumstance may the Council prohibit the impounding of water in ponds or reservoirs?
According to the Water Code, what action must be taken before constructing dams, bridges, or other structures across navigable waterways?
According to the Water Code, what action must be taken before constructing dams, bridges, or other structures across navigable waterways?
What is required for transferring water from one river basin to another, according to the Water Code of the Philippines?
What is required for transferring water from one river basin to another, according to the Water Code of the Philippines?
Who has the power to declare flood control areas and issue guidelines for flood plain management plans?
Who has the power to declare flood control areas and issue guidelines for flood plain management plans?
According to the Water Code, what is the maximum distance from the banks of rivers and streams in agricultural areas that is subject to public easement?
According to the Water Code, what is the maximum distance from the banks of rivers and streams in agricultural areas that is subject to public easement?
What is the role of the National Pollution Control Commission (NPCC) regarding activities that may pollute water sources, according to the Water Code?
What is the role of the National Pollution Control Commission (NPCC) regarding activities that may pollute water sources, according to the Water Code?
What is the primary responsibility of a person in control of a well, according to the Water Code?
What is the primary responsibility of a person in control of a well, according to the Water Code?
According to the Water Code, who is primarily responsible for administrating and enforcing the provisions of the Water Code?
According to the Water Code, who is primarily responsible for administrating and enforcing the provisions of the Water Code?
What is the effect of failing to register claims for water use rights within the period specified after the promulgation of the Water Code?
What is the effect of failing to register claims for water use rights within the period specified after the promulgation of the Water Code?
Flashcards
What is the Water Code of the Philippines?
What is the Water Code of the Philippines?
A decree that consolidates laws governing water ownership, utilization and conservation in the Philippines.
What is the primary objective of the Water Code?
What is the primary objective of the Water Code?
To establish principles for water resource appropriation, control, and conservation.
According to the Water Code, who owns the water?
According to the Water Code, who owns the water?
All waters belong to the State and are not subject to acquisitive prescription.
What does "waters" refer to in the Water Code?
What does "waters" refer to in the Water Code?
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What types of waters belong to the State?
What types of waters belong to the State?
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What is 'Appropriation of Water'?
What is 'Appropriation of Water'?
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For what purposes can water be appropriated?
For what purposes can water be appropriated?
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Can the State exempt waters from being appropriated?
Can the State exempt waters from being appropriated?
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What is a Water Right?
What is a Water Right?
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What consist of the Beneficial use of water?
What consist of the Beneficial use of water?
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How is water allocation prioritized?
How is water allocation prioritized?
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Can water permits be modified or cancelled?
Can water permits be modified or cancelled?
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Can the reuse of waste water for public consumption be implemented?
Can the reuse of waste water for public consumption be implemented?
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What is required for constructing dams or bridges over waterways?
What is required for constructing dams or bridges over waterways?
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How are watersheds protected?
How are watersheds protected?
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What regulations apply to mining tailings?
What regulations apply to mining tailings?
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Who administers and enforces the Water Code?
Who administers and enforces the Water Code?
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What are the penalties for violating the Water Code?
What are the penalties for violating the Water Code?
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Give examples of actions that penalised under the Water Code
Give examples of actions that penalised under the Water Code
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If a corporation is accused of the Water Code violations, who is punished?
If a corporation is accused of the Water Code violations, who is punished?
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Study Notes
- Presidential Decree No. 1067, also known as The Water Code of the Philippines, was instituted on December 31, 1976.
- The Water Code revises and consolidates laws governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, conservation, and protection of water resources.
- Relevant provisions of the New Constitution of the Philippines stipulate that all waters in the Philippines belong to the State.
- Existing water legislations were considered inadequate to address increasing water scarcity and changing usage patterns.
- A Water Code based on rational concepts, integrated management, multipurpose use, and flexibility was deemed necessary.
- Active government intervention is needed to improve water resource management, as water is vital to national development.
- It establishes the principles for water resource appropriation, control, and conservation, emphasizing optimum development and rational utilization.
- The Water Code defines the rights and obligations of water users and owners, including protection and regulation.
- It serves as a basic law for ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, conservation, and protection of water resources and related land rights.
- It serves to identify the administrative agencies responsible for enforcing it.
- All waters belong to the State, and cannot be subject to acquisitive prescription.
- The State can allow water use/development via administrative concession.
- Water resource utilization, exploitation, development, conservation, and protection are subject to government control via the National Water Resources Council, or the Council.
- Water use and development should consider current usages and be responsive to the country's changing needs.
- "Waters" includes: water under the grounds, water above the ground, water in the atmosphere and the waters of the sea, within the Philippines' territorial jurisdiction.
- Rivers and their natural beds belong to the State.
- Continuous or intermittent springs and brooks running in their natural beds, including the beds themselves, are state property..
- Natural lakes and lagoons are the domain of the State.
- All surface waters (natural or artificial rainfall, agriculture runoff, seepage, and drainage) belong to the State.
- Atmospheric water is the domain of the State.
- Subterranean or ground waters are under State control.
- Seawater is owned by the State.
- Continuous or intermittent waters rising on private lands are owned by the State.
- Naturally occurring lakes and lagoons on private lands belong to the State.
- Rainwater falling on private lands belong to the State.
- Subterranean/ground waters on private lands are owned by the State.
- Water in swamps/marshes are owned by the State.
- Landowners can use water found on their land for domestic purposes without a permit but must register the usage if required by the Council.
- The Council can regulate water use during wastage or emergencies.
- People capturing/collecting water via cisterns/tanks/pools have exclusive control and disposal rights over said water, subject to the Code.
- Legally appropriated water is controlled by the appropriator from the point it reaches their canal/aquaduct, so long as its being used beneficially for its intended purpose.
- Water appropriation is the acquisition of rights to use water or divert it from a natural source for legally allowed purposes, per the Code.
- Water may be appropriated for domestic, municipal, irrigation, power generation, fisheries, livestock raising, industrial, recreational, and other purposes.
- The State may declare unappropriated waters exempt from appropriation for any/all purposes due to public policy.
- Waters appropriated for a specific purpose can only be used for another purpose with Council approval, without prejudicing other permittees' rights, or increasing water volume.
- A water right, evidenced by a water permit, is required of all persons and entities when appropriating water
- A water permit isn't required for appropriate or use natural bodies of water by means of handcarried receptacles, bathing/washing/watering/dipping of domestic/farm animals, and navigation of watercrafts or transportation of logs and other objects by flotation.
- Only qualified Filipino citizens and juridical entities may apply for water permits.
- Those wanting a water permit must apply with the Council, who will publicize applications for protests.
- The Council considers protests, prior permits, water availability, beneficial use, adverse effects, land-use economics, and other factors when deciding to grant/deny permits
- The right to use water is acquired on the application filing date (if approved) or the date of actual use (if no permit is required).
- Permits are subject to conditions of beneficial use, design/construction standards, and Council-imposed terms.
- Permits specify the maximum diversion/withdrawal amount, rates, timing, points of diversion/wells, place of use, and purposes.
- Water rights can be leased or transferred with Council approval after notice and hearing.
- The measure and limit of water appropriation is defined by beneficial use, which is use of water in the proper amount during period needed for producing benefits for which water is appropriated.
- The council prescribes standards of beneficial use and appropriate water use, plus the appropriated water should be measured and controlled.
- All water appropriators, save for domestic use, should maintain water control/measuring devices, and keep withdrawal records.
- Appropriators from the same source have rights based on priority, except domestic/municipal uses have priority during emergencies.
- If a municipal provider with lower priority faces recurrent shortages, they must find alternative supplies compliant with Council conditions.
- Priorities may be altered based on greater beneficial or multi-purpose use after due notice, hearing, and compensation.
- Water rights must be exercised without prejudicing third-party or other appropriators' rights.
- A water permit holder may demand easements for construction/maintenance for beneficial water use, subject to just compensation and conditions.
- The permit holder must be the owner, lessee, mortgagee, or have real right over the land.
- Where water shortage is recurrent, water use under a permit may be reduced after notice and hearing, to ensure equitable distribution.
- Water users bear any water supply diminution due to natural causes or force majeure.
- Water permits remain valid as long as water is beneficially used, but suspension is possible for non-compliance, using water for other purposes, non-payment, wastage, failure to keep records, or violating permit terms.
- Temporary permits can be issued for short-term water appropriation under special circumstances.
- Water permits can be revoked after due notice and hearing for non-use, gross violations, unauthorized sales, failure to comply with rules, pollution, public nuisance, disqualification, conversion of irrigated land and other similar grounds.
- All water permits are subject to modification or cancellation by the council in favor of a project of greater beneficial use or for multi-purpose development.
- Water permittees who suffer thereby must be duly compensated by the entity or person in whose favor the cancellation was made.
- Developing water resources should consider State security, multiple/beneficial/adverse effects, and development costs.
- Ground water use must be coordinated with surface waters to avoid negatively impacting superior rights.
- The Council will create rules and control areas for coordinated development, protection, and use of ground/surface waters.
- A control area is where ground/surface water interrelate, so usage affects the other.
- The boundary of a control area may be altered from time to time due to circumstances.
- Water in private canals, aqueducts, or reservoirs can be used for domestic purposes or watering plants via manual methods without disrupting the stream or damaging the structure.
- Restriction of right is possible by the owner should it result in loss or injury to him.
- Permittees/appropriators can use any watercourse to convey water to another point for a permitted purpose, diverting/recapturing the same amount minus normal transit losses.
- Water storage, diversion, distribution, and utilization works must include provisions for disease prevention/control as required.
- Wastewater reuse should be limited to non-direct human consumption if feasible.
- No one can distribute such water for public consumption until it's proven safe.
- Constructing/operating hydraulic works must consider scenic/historical preservation and comply with existing laws.
- No work destroying such sites/relics is allowed without proving it's necessary and unavoidable.
- Building dams, bridges, and other structures across navigable waterways requires authorization from the Department of Public Works, Transportation, and Communications.
- Except for emergencies to save life/property, construction/repair work needs Council-approved plans from a proper government agency for diversion/storage dams, water power structures, ground water installations, and other water resource utilization structures.
- Excavating a hot spring or enlarging its opening requires a permit.
- Developing a hot spring for human consumption requires a permit from the Department of Health.
- Developing streams, lakes, or springs for recreation requires a Council permit.
- Inducing/restraining rainfall requires a permit from the government emergency sector, unless ordered by the President during a national calamity.
- Raising or lowering water levels/draining streams, lakes and marshes requires a permit.
- Drainage systems must outlet into rivers, lakes, the sea, or other approved water courses.
- Shared drainage channel costs are divided proportionally to benefits derived.
- When draining water using artificial methods from higher to lower lands, owners of upper land must select routes that limits lower land damage with just compensation.
- Causing damage via water use, conveyance, or storage makes one liable to pay compensation.
- Building a water resource project interfering with land access/irrigation requires the project constructor to cover costs for maintaining access, irrigation, or drainage, alongside compensation for land/damages.
- A person with aqueduct easement can access the land to clean, repair or replace the aqueduct and remove any obstructions.
- Lower estates must receive water flowing naturally from higher estates with earth/stone carried.
- Lower estate owners cannot impede natural flow unless providing an alternative drainage method, and upper estate owners cannot increase this natural flow.
- River/stream banks and sea/lake shores have public easement for recreation, navigation, floatage, fishing, and salvage 3 meters in urban, 20 meters in agricultural, adn 40 meters in forested areas.
- Staying longer than necessary or building structures is disallowed in such areas.
- Easement conditions not covered shall default to Civil Code provisions.
- The Secretary of Public Works, Transportation, and Communications can declare flood control areas and issue flood plain management guidelines.
- Flood control areas can have rules prohibiting activities damaging lakes/dikes, obstructing flow, changing the river's flow, increasing flood losses, or aggravating problems.
- The government may construct flood control structures in declared flood control areas and have a legal easement as needed along the river bank.
- Riverbeds, sand bars, and tidal flats can't be cultivated without permission from the Secretary of the Department of Public Works, Transportation, and Communication nor if it obstructs water flow or increases flood damage.
- Individuals may build levees/revetments to protect property from floods but not cause damage to others.
- If a river changes course on private lands, landowners cannot force the government to restore the old course nor stop the government from reverting it, and receive no compensation.
- The landowners can attempt to return the river to its old bed at their expense, with permits secured from the Secretary of Public Works.
- Rivers, lakes, and lagoons can be declared navigable by the Philippines Coast Guard.
- Rafting logs/objects on rivers/lakes can be regulated based on irrigation, water supply, and other needs.
- The Council can prohibit impounding water in ponds/reservoirs in consultation with the Department of Health, ordering drainage if it is dangerous to public health.
- A permittee can store stream waters in a reservoir without harming downstream permittees.
- Reservoir operations are subject to Council rules.
- Dam operators storing water may require an qualified engineer for operation, maintenance, and administration duties.
- The Council must approve the manner, location, depth, and spacing of ground water borings.
- The Council determines registration needs for borings and control measures for exploiting ground water, as well as setting qualifications for those that would drill such borings via the Profession Regulation Commision.
- Wells cannot be drilled without Council permission.
- Water can only be transferred from one river basin to another with Council approval, which considers costs, benefits to both basins, alternative schemes for supplying water and other elements.
- The Council can establish minimum stream flows and water levels for environment protection, pollution control, navigation, salt damage prevention, and public use, after notice/hearing if needed.
- The Department of Natural Resources can declare watersheds or land adjacent to surface/ground water as protected in order to protect such waters, prohibiting/controlling damaging activities of owners/occupants.
- Those in control of a well must prevent water from flowing without beneficial use.
- Well controllers of water with injurious minerals/substances must stop the water from flowing onto the surface/into water sources.
- Using wells/ponds/spreading waters for recharging ground water requires Council permission.
- Merging irrigation associations and use of water by associations should be encouraged to promote water conservation.
- No permit should be granted to an individual, where the individuals water requirements are met through an irrigation assoication
- Water resource projects require consideration of ecological changes to balance development/environmental protection.
- Fish and wildlife conservation is required by law, and shall receive equal attention as other project purposes.
- State-owned swamps and marshes with waterfowl/wildlife value can be reserved/protected from drainage and development.
- Building noxious/dangerous works or introducing sewage/waste/pollutants into a water supply needs permission from the National Pollution Control Commission.
- Water pollution happens when water quality falls below a standard set by the National Pollution Control Commission.
- Establishing cemeteries/waste areas impacting water supplies requires adherence to Department of Health rules.
- Dumping tailings from mining operations into rivers needs Council permission based on National Pollution Control Commission recommendation.
- The National Pollution Control Commission can regulate fertilizer/pesticide application in areas threatening water supplies.
- The Administration and enforecement, include granting of permits and penalties, are vested in the Council.
- The functions specifically conferred upon other agencies of the government, the Council can make all decisions.
- The Council can deputize government officials/agencies to perform specific functions.
- Data collection, research, and manpower development is required in the implementation, utilization, explotation, conservation, and protection of water resources.
- The Council shall be able to give fines of up to P1,000 and/or suspension/revocation of water permits for violations
- Rules from any agency pertaining to water resource utilization, exploitation, development, control, conservation, or protection are subject to Council approval.
- The Council can impose/collect fees for water resource development from appropriators, except for domestic use.
- The Council and other agencies authorized to enforce the code can enter private lands with notice for surveys/investigations, exercising eminent domain as needed.
- Projects involving water appropriation, utilization, exploitation, or the like need Council approval, with exceptions at the Council's discretion.
- The Council may consult the public before implementing certain water resource development projects.
- Government agencies must review hydraulic structure plans per Council code and regulations, without relieving engineers/constructors from liability for design/construction defects within 10 years.
- Damage claims must be filed within 5 years of failure.
- The Council can investigate cases and administer oaths.
- The Council has original jurisdiction over disputes related to appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, control, conservation, and protection of waters.
- Council decisions are immediately executory, suspendable only with a bond covering potential damages unless a competent court orders suspension.
- All disputes must be decided within 60 days after submission.
- The Council can issue writs of execution and enforce decisions with police assistance.
- Appeals against Council decisions can be made to the Court of First Instance within 15 days from the date the party appealing receives a copy of the decision, due to: grave abuse of discretion; legal questions; and questions of fact and law.
- Appropriating ground water for domestic use without required registration is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Non-observance of any standard of beneficial use of water is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Failure of the appropriator to keep a record of water withdrawal, when required is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Failure to comply with the terms of a water permit/rights grant is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Using water for an unauthorized purpose is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Construction/repair of a hydraulic work without approved plans is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Failure to install a regulating/measuring device is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Unauthorized sale/lease/transfer of water rights is penalized by suspension/ revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Failure to provide adequate facilities by the Council in the construction of any work for the storage, diversion, distribution and utilization of water is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Drilling a well without a permit is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Utilizing a well/ponding/spreading water for recharging ground water without Council permission is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Violating Council orders/rules/regulations is penalized by suspension/revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Illegal taking/diversion of water in an open canal/aqueduct/reservoir is penalizable by suspension/ revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Destruction of hydraulic works/structures valued at not exceeding ₱5,000.00 is penalizable by suspension/ revocation of permit/right and/or a fine up to P1,000 at the Council's discretion.
- Appropriating water without a permit is punishable by a fine up to P3,000 or imprisonment up to 3 years, or both.
- Obstructing an irrigation canal without authorization is punishable by a fine up to P3,000 or imprisonment up to 3 years, or both.
- Cultivating a river bed, sand bar, or tidal flat without permission is punishable by a fine up to P3,000 or imprisonment up to 3 years, or both.
- Destroying hydraulic works valued at not exceeding ₱25,000 is punishable by a fine up to P3,000 or imprisonment up to 3 years, or both.
- Distributing water for public consumption that adversely affects health/safety is punishable by a fine exceeding P3,000 but not more than P6,000, or imprisonment exceeding 3 years but not more than 6, or both.
- Excavating/enlarging a hot spring opening without permission is punishable by a fine exceeding P3,000 but not more than P6,000, or imprisonment exceeding 3 years but not more than 6, or both.
- Obstructing a river/waterway or occupying a riverbank/seashore without authorization has penalties is punishable by a fine exceeding P3,000 but not more than P6,000, or imprisonment exceeding 3 years but not more than 6, or both.
- Establishing a cemetery/waste area near a domestic water source without permission is punishable by a fine exceeding P3,000 but not more than P6,000, or imprisonment exceeding 3 years but not more than 6, or both.
- Constructing works producing dangerous substances without government permission is punishable by a fine exceeding P3,000 but not more than P6,000, or imprisonment exceeding 3 years but not more than 6, or both.
- Dumping mine tailings into waterways without permission is punishable by a fine exceeding P3,000 but not more than P6,000, or imprisonment exceeding 3 years but not more than 6, or both.
- Destruction of hydraulic works valued at more than ₱25,000 but not exceeding ₱100,000 is with a punishment of a punishable by a fine exceeding P3,000 but not more than P6,000, or imprisonment exceeding 3 years but not more than 6, or both.
- Misrepresenting citizenship to qualify for a water permit has a punishment including a fine from Six Thousand Pesos (P6,000.00) but not more than Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00) or imprisonment exceeding six (6) years but not more than twelve (12) years, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the Court.
- Destroying hydraulic works valued at over ₱100,000 has a punishment including a fine from Six Thousand Pesos (P6,000.00) but not more than Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00) or imprisonment exceeding six (6) years but not more than twelve (12) years, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the Court.
- If a offence is committed by a corporation, trust, firm, partnership, association or any other juridical person, the President, General Manager, and other guilty officer or officers of such corporation, trust firm, partnership, association or entity, incurs the penatly.
- If the offender in a corporate setting if found to be an alien, he shall be deported after serving his sentence, without further proceedings.
- For offences punishable under this regulation, actions must me made to the proper courts.
- Fines not exceeding P3,000 or up to 3 years imprisonment prescribe in 5 years.
- Fines exceeding P3,000 but not P6,000 or imprisonments exceeding 3 years but not 6 prescribe in 7 years. -Finee exceeding 6,000 but not 10,000, or prisonments exceeding 6 years but not 12 years, prescribe in 10.
- All water rights claims existing before December 31, 1974, must be registered with the Council within 2 years of the Code's promulgation.
- If priority can't be determined, domestic/municipal use is prioritized, followed by irrigation, power generation, fisheries, livestock raising, industrial, and other uses.
- Claims not registered are waived, the water deemed abandoned, and available for unappropriated disposition.
- No water use rights can arise from acts violating the law/infringing on others' rights.
- Acts/contracts under old laws are respected if valid, but modifications after this Code are subject to it.
- Interim Council rules remain valid if not conflicting with the Code.
- Code provisions remain effective even if others are declared unconstitutional.
- The Spanish Law on Waters of August 3, 1866, the Civil Code of Spain of 1889 and the Civil Code of the Philippines (R.A.386) on any matters inconsistent with this code are repealed.
- Provisions of Republic Act No. 6395 (National Power Corporation) inconsistent with this code are repealed.
- The provisions of Act No. 2152, as amended, Act No. 813, R.A. 2056; Section 90, C.A. 137; and Decree, Laws, Acts, parts of Acts, rules of Court, executive orders, and administrative regulations are herewith appealed.
- This Code took effect on its promulgation, December 31, 1976.
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