The War of 1812: America and Britain's Conflict

The War of 1812

• The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States and Great Britain that occurred in the early 19th century.
• The war was sparked by British attempts to cut off trade with France and the Native American resistance to American colonial expansion west.
• President James Madison signed a declaration of war against Great Britain on June 18, 1812.
• Early American invasions of British Canada failed, but the United States did win several major naval victories.
• The war became a stalemate, and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814, essentially restoring the pre-war status quo.

Andrew Jackson

• Andrew Jackson was born in 1767 in a frontier town of colonial South Carolina.
• He had a difficult childhood, but eventually established a successful career in law, politics, and the military.
• Jackson was a strong leader who defended the city of New Orleans from British invasion during the War of 1812.
• He was known for his philosophy of robust individualism and his criticism of social elites and large political and economic institutions.
• Jackson's presidency was marked by his efforts to deconstruct large economic monopolies and government initiatives.

The Whig Party

• The Whig Party was formed in 1834 as a response to Andrew Jackson's policies.
• The party's name was derived from the Scottish term "whiggamore," which originated from the defiance against the British monarchy.
• The Whigs opposed Jackson's use of the spoils system, his overuse of vetoes, and his defiance of the U.S. Supreme Court.
• They supported the Second National Bank, protective tariffs, and controlled westward expansion.

The Bank of the United States

• The battle over the Bank of the United States was a key chapter in the administration of Andrew Jackson.
• The bank was a major issue in the political struggles of the time, and its legacy continues to shape America's financial future.

The Trail of Tears

• The Trail of Tears refers to the forced removal of Native Americans from their lands by the United States Federal government in the 1830s.
• The Indian Removal Act of 1830 allowed the president to exchange lands west of the Mississippi River for lands in the East inhabited by Native Americans.
• Despite the law, the Cherokee Nation challenged the government's actions in the Supreme Court, which ruled in their favor.
• However, Andrew Jackson and his successor Martin Van Buren ignored the Court's ruling and proceeded to enforce the removal of Native Americans.

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution in America took place from 1865 to 1900.
• The process of industrialization was inspired by British inventions such as the cotton gin.
• New goods and products were transported across the country on steamboats and railroads.
• The industrial revolution had a significant impact on factories and factory life, leading to mass production and new methods of production.

The American System

• The American System was a plan to spur self-sufficient economic growth in America.
• It was introduced by Henry Clay and had three main points: federal funding for roads and canals, protective tariffs, and a national bank.
• The system was designed to unify the country and spur economic growth.
• However, it was met with opposition from the southern states, who opposed the tariffs.

Manifest Destiny

• Manifest Destiny was a phrase coined by John O'Sullivan in 1845 to describe the belief that it was the preordained destiny of America's expansion westward.
• The concept was used to justify the expansion of the United States into new territories.
• Many Americans, including James K. Polk, supported Manifest Destiny and believed that the United States had a duty to spread its institutions and values across the continent.
• However, not everyone supported the concept, and it remains a controversial topic in American history.

Texas and the Mexican-American War

• Texas was initially a part of Mexico, but it declared independence in 1836.
• The Texas Revolution was a conflict between the Texans and the Mexican government.
• After winning independence, Texas was an independent republic before being annexed by the United States in 1845.
• The annexation of Texas led to the Mexican-American War, which resulted in the United States acquiring a significant amount of land from Mexico.

The Transportation Revolution

• The transportation revolution took place in the 19th century and resulted in the development of new methods of transportation.
• The federal government did not fund the transportation networks, so they were largely funded by individual states and private investors.
• The Erie Canal was the first canal to be constructed, and it connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River.
• Railroads eventually replaced canals as the primary method of transportation.

The Oregon Trail

• The Oregon Trail was a 2,000-mile route that connected the Missouri River to the Oregon Territory.
• The trail was used by fur traders and settlers, and it played a significant role in westward expansion.
• The first wagon train made the journey in 1836, and thousands of people followed in the years that came.
• The journey was often arduous, and many people lost their lives along the way.

The California Gold Rush

• The California Gold Rush took place between 1848 and 1855.
• It was sparked by the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California.
• Thousands of people, known as "forty-niners," traveled to California in search of gold.
• The gold rush led to a significant increase in population and economic growth in California.

Social Reform

• Social reform refers to the restructuring of culturally accepted laws and norms.

• Reform movements are group efforts to achieve social change.

• The Age of Reform, which took place from 1830 to 1850, saw the introduction of reforms associated with abolitionism, temperance, labor reform, and education.

• The Second Great Awakening, Industrial Revolution, Transcendentalism, and Urbanization were all factors that contributed to the need for social reform.### Notable Accomplishments and Reforms

• Oberlin College was founded in 1833 as America's first coeducational college.

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott worked on Abolition reform, leading to their later work in women's rights reform.

• The nation's first public schools in Massachusetts were organized into a public school system, serving as a model for other states.

• Dorothea Dix helped establish asylums for those with mental challenges and advocated for prison reform.

The Progressive Era

• The Progressive Era (1896-1916) introduced reforms related to temperance, women's rights, child labor, workplace reform, and political reform.

The New Deal

• The New Deal (1933-1939) established economic and social programs that expanded the government's role in business, banking, finance, employment, and other aspects of daily life.

The Seneca Falls Convention

• The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention in the United States, held from July 19-20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York.
• The main organizers were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.
• Many attendees were also active in the anti-slavery movement.
• The Declaration of Sentiments was composed, outlining the ideology and goals of the Women's Movement, including the right to vote.
• The 19th Amendment in 1919 granted women the right to vote in the United States.

The Temperance Movement

• The temperance movement aimed to restrict or abolish the consumption of liquor and other alcoholic drinks.
• The main goal was to eradicate the negative effects of alcohol on society, families, and individuals.
• The movement promoted prohibition as a political solution and temperance or teetotalism as an individual solution.
• Key events in the movement include:
• 1800: Churches began establishing abstinence pledges.
• 1808: The earliest temperance organization was created in Saratoga, New York.
• 1826: The American Temperance Society was founded.
• 1869: The Prohibition Party was founded.
• 1874: The Women's Christian Temperance Union was founded.
• 1895: The Anti-Saloon League became a national organization.
• 1919: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified.

Abolitionists

• Abolitionists were people who opposed a specific practice or institution, specifically slavery in North America.
• Leaders of the abolitionist movement included former slaves, former slave owners, and individuals from Quaker and Baptist religions.
• The abolitionist movement led to the eventual abolition of slavery in America.

Antebellum Era

• The Antebellum Era (1815-Civil War years) saw differences in the economies of North and South become sharper.
• The West took over food production, the South became more dependent on enslaved people and cash crops, and the Northeast focused on industrialization.
• Despite farming technology advancements, America made more money from manufacturing than agriculture by mid-century.
• Inventors like Charles Goodyear (vulcanizing) and Samuel Morse (telegraph) revolutionized America, especially in the North.
• The factory system spread, and new business models like the corporation became commonplace.
• Francis Lowell hired young women from nearby farms to work in his textile factories, marking a shift of the American workforce from the countryside to cities.

Southern Society

• The Southern economy was based heavily on king cotton, the main crop.
• The labor-intensive nature of cotton required slavery to grow as a profitable product for export.
• Economic influences have dictated Southern Society for generations.
• The expansion of the 'old southwest' (slavery) was facilitated by the opening of the gulf coast, the invention of the cotton gin, and the rising price of cotton.
• The task system of slavery enabled field hands to work on their own time for themselves.
• The Southern class structure had four basic social classes: wealthy plantation slave owners, non-slave-owning yeoman farmers, poor whites, and slaves.

The War of 1812

• The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States and Great Britain that occurred in the early 19th century.
• The war was sparked by British attempts to cut off trade with France and the Native American resistance to American colonial expansion west.
• President James Madison signed a declaration of war against Great Britain on June 18, 1812.
• Early American invasions of British Canada failed, but the United States did win several major naval victories.
• The war became a stalemate, and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814, essentially restoring the pre-war status quo.

Andrew Jackson

• Andrew Jackson was born in 1767 in a frontier town of colonial South Carolina.
• He had a difficult childhood, but eventually established a successful career in law, politics, and the military.
• Jackson was a strong leader who defended the city of New Orleans from British invasion during the War of 1812.
• He was known for his philosophy of robust individualism and his criticism of social elites and large political and economic institutions.
• Jackson's presidency was marked by his efforts to deconstruct large economic monopolies and government initiatives.

The Whig Party

• The Whig Party was formed in 1834 as a response to Andrew Jackson's policies.
• The party's name was derived from the Scottish term "whiggamore," which originated from the defiance against the British monarchy.
• The Whigs opposed Jackson's use of the spoils system, his overuse of vetoes, and his defiance of the U.S. Supreme Court.
• They supported the Second National Bank, protective tariffs, and controlled westward expansion.

The Bank of the United States

• The battle over the Bank of the United States was a key chapter in the administration of Andrew Jackson.
• The bank was a major issue in the political struggles of the time, and its legacy continues to shape America's financial future.

The Trail of Tears

• The Trail of Tears refers to the forced removal of Native Americans from their lands by the United States Federal government in the 1830s.
• The Indian Removal Act of 1830 allowed the president to exchange lands west of the Mississippi River for lands in the East inhabited by Native Americans.
• Despite the law, the Cherokee Nation challenged the government's actions in the Supreme Court, which ruled in their favor.
• However, Andrew Jackson and his successor Martin Van Buren ignored the Court's ruling and proceeded to enforce the removal of Native Americans.

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution in America took place from 1865 to 1900.
• The process of industrialization was inspired by British inventions such as the cotton gin.
• New goods and products were transported across the country on steamboats and railroads.
• The industrial revolution had a significant impact on factories and factory life, leading to mass production and new methods of production.

The American System

• The American System was a plan to spur self-sufficient economic growth in America.
• It was introduced by Henry Clay and had three main points: federal funding for roads and canals, protective tariffs, and a national bank.
• The system was designed to unify the country and spur economic growth.
• However, it was met with opposition from the southern states, who opposed the tariffs.

Manifest Destiny

• Manifest Destiny was a phrase coined by John O'Sullivan in 1845 to describe the belief that it was the preordained destiny of America's expansion westward.
• The concept was used to justify the expansion of the United States into new territories.
• Many Americans, including James K. Polk, supported Manifest Destiny and believed that the United States had a duty to spread its institutions and values across the continent.
• However, not everyone supported the concept, and it remains a controversial topic in American history.

Texas and the Mexican-American War

• Texas was initially a part of Mexico, but it declared independence in 1836.
• The Texas Revolution was a conflict between the Texans and the Mexican government.
• After winning independence, Texas was an independent republic before being annexed by the United States in 1845.
• The annexation of Texas led to the Mexican-American War, which resulted in the United States acquiring a significant amount of land from Mexico.

The Transportation Revolution

• The transportation revolution took place in the 19th century and resulted in the development of new methods of transportation.
• The federal government did not fund the transportation networks, so they were largely funded by individual states and private investors.
• The Erie Canal was the first canal to be constructed, and it connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River.
• Railroads eventually replaced canals as the primary method of transportation.

The Oregon Trail

• The Oregon Trail was a 2,000-mile route that connected the Missouri River to the Oregon Territory.
• The trail was used by fur traders and settlers, and it played a significant role in westward expansion.
• The first wagon train made the journey in 1836, and thousands of people followed in the years that came.
• The journey was often arduous, and many people lost their lives along the way.

The California Gold Rush

• The California Gold Rush took place between 1848 and 1855.
• It was sparked by the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California.
• Thousands of people, known as "forty-niners," traveled to California in search of gold.
• The gold rush led to a significant increase in population and economic growth in California.

Social Reform

• Social reform refers to the restructuring of culturally accepted laws and norms.

• Reform movements are group efforts to achieve social change.

• The Age of Reform, which took place from 1830 to 1850, saw the introduction of reforms associated with abolitionism, temperance, labor reform, and education.

• The Second Great Awakening, Industrial Revolution, Transcendentalism, and Urbanization were all factors that contributed to the need for social reform.### Notable Accomplishments and Reforms

• Oberlin College was founded in 1833 as America's first coeducational college.

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott worked on Abolition reform, leading to their later work in women's rights reform.

• The nation's first public schools in Massachusetts were organized into a public school system, serving as a model for other states.

• Dorothea Dix helped establish asylums for those with mental challenges and advocated for prison reform.

The Progressive Era

• The Progressive Era (1896-1916) introduced reforms related to temperance, women's rights, child labor, workplace reform, and political reform.

The New Deal

• The New Deal (1933-1939) established economic and social programs that expanded the government's role in business, banking, finance, employment, and other aspects of daily life.

The Seneca Falls Convention

• The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention in the United States, held from July 19-20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York.
• The main organizers were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.
• Many attendees were also active in the anti-slavery movement.
• The Declaration of Sentiments was composed, outlining the ideology and goals of the Women's Movement, including the right to vote.
• The 19th Amendment in 1919 granted women the right to vote in the United States.

The Temperance Movement

• The temperance movement aimed to restrict or abolish the consumption of liquor and other alcoholic drinks.
• The main goal was to eradicate the negative effects of alcohol on society, families, and individuals.
• The movement promoted prohibition as a political solution and temperance or teetotalism as an individual solution.
• Key events in the movement include:
• 1800: Churches began establishing abstinence pledges.
• 1808: The earliest temperance organization was created in Saratoga, New York.
• 1826: The American Temperance Society was founded.
• 1869: The Prohibition Party was founded.
• 1874: The Women's Christian Temperance Union was founded.
• 1895: The Anti-Saloon League became a national organization.
• 1919: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified.

Abolitionists

• Abolitionists were people who opposed a specific practice or institution, specifically slavery in North America.
• Leaders of the abolitionist movement included former slaves, former slave owners, and individuals from Quaker and Baptist religions.
• The abolitionist movement led to the eventual abolition of slavery in America.

Antebellum Era

• The Antebellum Era (1815-Civil War years) saw differences in the economies of North and South become sharper.
• The West took over food production, the South became more dependent on enslaved people and cash crops, and the Northeast focused on industrialization.
• Despite farming technology advancements, America made more money from manufacturing than agriculture by mid-century.
• Inventors like Charles Goodyear (vulcanizing) and Samuel Morse (telegraph) revolutionized America, especially in the North.
• The factory system spread, and new business models like the corporation became commonplace.
• Francis Lowell hired young women from nearby farms to work in his textile factories, marking a shift of the American workforce from the countryside to cities.

Southern Society

• The Southern economy was based heavily on king cotton, the main crop.
• The labor-intensive nature of cotton required slavery to grow as a profitable product for export.
• Economic influences have dictated Southern Society for generations.
• The expansion of the 'old southwest' (slavery) was facilitated by the opening of the gulf coast, the invention of the cotton gin, and the rising price of cotton.
• The task system of slavery enabled field hands to work on their own time for themselves.
• The Southern class structure had four basic social classes: wealthy plantation slave owners, non-slave-owning yeoman farmers, poor whites, and slaves.