Podcast
Questions and Answers
What happened in 1796 regarding Napoleon Bonaparte?
What happened in 1796 regarding Napoleon Bonaparte?
- He became King of Italy.
- He introduced Code Napoleon.
- He simplified political boundaries.
- He invaded the Italian peninsula. (correct)
What change occurred in 1798 during Napoleon's rule?
What change occurred in 1798 during Napoleon's rule?
- Napoleon crowned himself King.
- Italy was divided into four separate republics. (correct)
- External trade barriers were removed.
- The Church regained its power.
What was introduced in 1804 that affected the legal system across the peninsula?
What was introduced in 1804 that affected the legal system across the peninsula?
Code Napoleon
In which year did Napoleon crown himself King of Italy?
In which year did Napoleon crown himself King of Italy?
What three states were created in 1810?
What three states were created in 1810?
What was one effect of life under French rule for the Church?
What was one effect of life under French rule for the Church?
In 1815, what period began after the end of French rule?
In 1815, what period began after the end of French rule?
What improvement did Ferdinand III of Tuscany bring during the restored monarchs?
What improvement did Ferdinand III of Tuscany bring during the restored monarchs?
What was Napoleon's view on Italy's unity according to Nationalists?
What was Napoleon's view on Italy's unity according to Nationalists?
What was a major issue with the secret societies in Italy?
What was a major issue with the secret societies in Italy?
When did the revolutions of 1820-21 in Naples begin?
When did the revolutions of 1820-21 in Naples begin?
What caused the uprising in Sicily during the revolutions of 1820-21?
What caused the uprising in Sicily during the revolutions of 1820-21?
What ultimately ended the revolutions in Naples and Sicily in 1821?
What ultimately ended the revolutions in Naples and Sicily in 1821?
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Study Notes
Key Events of Italian Unification 1789-1896
- 1796: Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Italian peninsula, revealing a landscape of numerous separate states.
- 1798: Political boundaries in Italy were simplified to four republics under French rule.
- 1804: Introduction of Code Napoleon; standardization of weights, measurements, and removal of internal trade barriers.
- 1805: Napoleon crowned himself as the King of Italy, solidifying French control.
- 1810: Italy was further divided into three primary states: the French Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Kingdom of Naples.
Impact of French Rule
- The Church:
- Temporal power diminished; church lands sold, and monasteries closed.
- The Wealthy:
- Varied experiences; some benefited from acquired church lands.
- Urban Groups:
- The professional class, comprising 10% of the population, experienced increased prosperity.
- The Peasants:
- Remained politically marginalized; French rule spurred desires for rebellion against their situation.
Restoration Period
- 1815: End of French rule; the Congress of Vienna reinstated pre-Napoleonic conditions, heavily influenced by Metternich and Austria.
- Life under restored monarchs:
- Mixed governance; some monarchs like Ferdinand III of Tuscany implemented progressive reforms while others reversed liberal policies.
Nationalism and Secret Societies
- Nationalism grew post-Napoleon, envisioning Italy as a singular nation—a concept largely aspirational at this time.
- Secret societies became prevalent; predominantly composed of educated middle classes, they often fragmented and lacked a unified strategy.
- The Carbonari emerged as the dominant society, claiming over 60,000 members in Naples, advocating for constitutional monarchy without radical anti-Catholic sentiments.
The Revolutions of 1820-21
- Naples Uprising:
- Ignited by rising censorship and economic cuts; supported by Carbonari who succeeded in getting King Ferdinand to acknowledge constitutional demands.
- Sicily Uprising:
- Driven by demands for independence and dissatisfaction over neglect from Ferdinand; resulted in violent resistance and overtaking of Palermo.
Outcomes of the Revolutions
- The new parliament in Naples declared the necessity of retaining Sicilian ties, prompting concern from Metternich.
- In 1821, acknowledging these revolutions as a threat, King Ferdinand sought and received Austrian military assistance to suppress uprisings, leading to the restoration of his authority in both Naples and Sicily.
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