The Ultimate Human Body Quiz

The Structure of the Human Body: An Overview

• The human body is composed of many different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organ systems.

• It comprises a head, hair, neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen), arms and hands, legs and feet.

• The human body is composed of elements including hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium, and phosphorus.

• The adult male body is about 60% water for a total water content of some 42 litres (9.2 imp gal; 11 US gal).

• The body contains trillions of cells, the fundamental unit of life.

• The heart is an organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs and slightly to the left.

• The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, as well as the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands.

• The endocrine system consists of the principal endocrine glands: the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, parathyroids, and gonads, but nearly all organs and tissues produce specific endocrine hormones as well.

• The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to distinguish its own cells and tissues from outside cells and substances.

• The integumentary system consists of the covering of the body (the skin), including hair and nails as well as other functionally important structures such as the sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

• The lymphatic system extracts, transports and metabolizes lymph, the fluid found in between cells.

• The nervous system consists of the body's neurons and glial cells, which together form the nerves, ganglia, and gray matter which in turn form the brain and related structures.

• The primary purpose of the reproductive system is to produce new humans in the form of children and ensure their sexual development so that they can produce new humans too.Overview of Human Biology

• The human body has four limbs, a head, and a neck, and is shaped by a strong skeleton made of bone and cartilage, surrounded by fat, muscle, connective tissue, organs, and other structures.

• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

• The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body and removing waste. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus.

• The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and is responsible for controlling and coordinating bodily functions and responding to stimuli.

• The endocrine system consists of glands that produce and secrete hormones, which regulate bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

• The reproductive system differs between males and females. The male reproductive system consists of the testes, penis, and accessory glands, while the female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina.

• The respiratory system consists of the nose, trachea, and lungs, and is responsible for bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.

• The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, and is responsible for removing waste materials from the body through urine.

• Human physiology is the study of how the human body functions, including the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health.

• Development of the human body begins with fertilization and continues through physical and psychological growth and development, influenced by genetic, hormonal, environmental, and other factors.

• Health professionals learn about the human body from illustrations, models, and demonstrations, and medical and dental students gain practical experience through dissection of cadavers.

• Anatomy has served the visual arts since Ancient Greek times, and artists have learned about the rules of art, including visual perspective and the proportions of the human body.

• The study of human anatomy and physiology has advanced through the ages, with Ancient Greek physicians describing the anatomy of the skeleton and muscles, Renaissance anatomist Andreas Vesalius pioneering the modern study of human anatomy by dissection, and modern techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound imaging allowing for unprecedented detail in studying the human body.A Brief History of Physiology

• William Harvey pioneered the description of the circulatory system.

• In the 19th century, the cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann revealed that organisms are made up of cells.

• Claude Bernard introduced the concept of the internal environment (milieu interieur).

• Walter Cannon later established that the internal environment was regulated to a steady state in homeostasis.

• In the 20th century, Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew extended their studies to comparative physiology and ecophysiology.

• Comparative physiology is the study of the similarities and differences in the physiology of different species.

• Ecophysiology is the study of how organisms adapt to their environment.

• Evolutionary physiology is a sub-discipline that focuses on how physiological traits evolve over time.

• Physiology combines close observation with careful experimentation.

• Physiology is the study of the functions and processes of living organisms.

• Physiological knowledge has accumulated rapidly since the 19th century.

• Physiology has led to the development of many medical treatments and interventions.