The Tudors (1485-1603)

A series of battles between two noble families, the Lancasters and Yorks, for the English throne.

Henry VII, a Lancastrian, defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses and establishing himself as king.

Henry VII's policy of strengthening the monarchy through economic prudence and controlling noble power.

A special court established by Henry VII to deal with powerful nobles who challenged his authority.

Henry VIII's actions to break away from the Catholic Church and establish the Church of England.

King Henry VIII declared himself the supreme head of the Church of England.

The period during Queen Elizabeth I's reign (1558-1603) marked by a flourishing of arts, literature, and exploration.

A significant naval victory in 1588, where the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada, securing England's power as a naval force.

The period in British history from the 18th century to the early 20th century marked by rapid industrial growth, social reforms, and expansion of the British Empire.

The period in British history from the 1830s to the early 20th century, marked by Queen Victoria's long reign and characterized by industrial growth, technological advancements, and social reform.

A movement for greater democracy in Britain during the 19th century, advocating for secret ballots and voting rights for all men.

The transformation in British society from an agrarian economy to an industrial one, driven by technological advancements and a shift to factory production.

A series of acts passed in the 19th century in Britain that aimed to improve working conditions in factories and limit child labor.

King Charles I's attempt to rule without Parliament for 11 years. This period saw conflicts over taxes and the king's push for a more Catholic-like church.

The English Civil War was a conflict between the Royalists, who supported King Charles I, and the Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell. It was a clash over power and religious practices, resulting in the king's execution.

The Commonwealth was a period where England was a republic, ruled by Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector. While it promoted religious tolerance for Protestants, it also implemented strict Puritan laws.

The Restoration of the Monarchy occurred when Charles II returned to England after the Commonwealth, ending the republic and bringing back the monarchy. It also marked the return of theater and celebrations.

The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless overthrow of James II, a Catholic king, by his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange. It resulted in the Bill of Rights, limiting royal power and strengthening Parliament.

The Act of Union formally united England and Scotland into Great Britain in 1707, creating a single Parliament and a unified kingdom.

Hanoverian kings started ruling England in 1714, starting with George I, a German prince who didn’t speak English well. This led to more power for ministers and the emergence of the Prime Minister.

This revolution, beginning around 1760, saw major advancements in agriculture, industry, and transportation in Britain. Key inventions included the spinning jenny and the steam engine, leading to rapid urban growth as people moved to factory jobs.