LC01 Chemical Evolution
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the first steps in the scientific process?

  • Analyzing data
  • Making observations (correct)
  • Forming a hypothesis
  • Conducting experiments

What is the importance of having a relatively high fidelity in the system of duplication of genetic information?

  • To ensure accurate reproduction of genetic information (correct)
  • To regulate chemical reactions
  • To produce energy
  • To prevent chaos

Which of the following best defines science?

  • A study of biology and biomedical sciences
  • A logical combination of specific phenomena
  • A method to understand and predict natural phenomena (correct)
  • A process of making observations and measurements

What is the starting point for science?

<p>Observations, measurements, or ideas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three fundamental systems present in all living things or organisms?

<p>A system of metabolism, a system of genetic information, and a system of biocatalysts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in living organisms, according to the text?

<p>To regulate chemical reactions in the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of forming a hypothesis in science?

<p>To make predictions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is the next step after making a prediction in the scientific process?

<p>Making observations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of scientific theories, according to the text?

<p>They are temporary and subject to change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of science, according to the text?

<p>To answer fundamental questions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory, according to the text?

<p>A hypothesis is based on observations, while a scientific theory is based on experiments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the author propose as the driving force behind the evolution of different kinds of birds living on different islands?

<p>The environment put pressure on the variable population of birds, allowing only the most fit to survive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best defines a hypothesis?

<p>A proposed explanation that can be tested (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of refining a hypothesis in the scientific process?

<p>To make better predictions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Charles Darwin observe on the Galapagos Islands?

<p>Variation in bird species across different islands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of science, according to the text?

<p>To answer fundamental questions about the world (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does science differ from religious explanations, according to the text?

<p>Science is based on observation and testing, while religion is based on faith (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what did the author deduce about the different types of birds living on different islands?

<p>They all originated from a common type of bird (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the author propose as the reason for the survival of only the fittest birds in each location?

<p>The environment put pressure on the variable population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the author suggest as the driving force behind the evolution of different kinds of birds living on different islands?

<p>Natural selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the fittest birds surviving in each location?

<p>It ensures the survival of the species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the next step after making a prediction in the scientific process, according to the text?

<p>Conducting experiments to test the prediction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Panspermia hypothesis, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Life originates from space dust and comets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Panspermia hypothesis not explain, according to the text?

<p>The process of how life originated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'abio' refer to in the context of 'abiogenesis', as mentioned in the text?

<p>Life from something that did not live (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Luca or Luca, as mentioned in the text?

<p>The last universal common ancestor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many billion years ago did Earth form?

<p>4.6 billion years ago (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age of the oldest fossils found on Earth?

<p>3.5 billion years ago (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Earth's atmosphere become oxygen-rich?

<p>2.5 billion years ago (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the Cambrian Explosion occur?

<p>500 million years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the impact of a meteorite occur that led to the extinction of dinosaurs?

<p>65 million years ago (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the Earth cool down enough for water to become liquid?

<p>700 million years ago (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did life originate on Earth?

<p>700 million years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the early Earth's atmosphere, as described in the text?

<p>Presence of oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range mentioned in the text for the early Earth when signs of life were first found?

<p>Around 100 degrees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ozone layer mentioned in the text?

<p>To filter UV radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biogenic graphite?

<p>A carbon-rich material that can only evolve from life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are stromatolites?

<p>Deposits formed by blue-green algae in warm ponds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Oprah Haldane hypothesis?

<p>An explanation for how life got kick-started (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Oprain and Haldane propose as the conditions for organic synthesis?

<p>Water, dissolved molecules, comets, and electrical discharges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are present in the universe, according to the text?

<p>Methanol, carbon dioxide, cyanides acids, methane, water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the conditions of the experiment mentioned in the text?

<p>Heating, sparking, boiling for weeks or months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules were found in the experiment conducted by Uria Miller, according to the text?

<p>Amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the experiment conducted by Uria Miller, as mentioned in the text?

<p>The Discharge Experiment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the simplest amino acid found in the experiment, according to the text?

<p>Glycine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the amino acid with a cyclic structure found in the experiment, according to the text?

<p>Proline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting point for the formation of molecules in the experiment, according to the text?

<p>Inorganic starting materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hypothesis that the experiment supports, according to the text?

<p>The Building Blocks hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the building blocks formed in the experiment, according to the text?

<p>4-5 atoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sparks in the Discharge Experiment, as mentioned in the text?

<p>To simulate lightning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location where the meteorite used in the experiment was found, according to the text?

<p>Antarctica (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

<p>Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why biochemical reactions in our cells are slow without enzymes?

<p>The absence of catalysts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of enzymes?

<p>They prevent molecules from reacting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most simple form of life mentioned in the text?

<p>Bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different kinds of proteins are there in the Escherichia coli bacteria?

<p>1850 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

<p>Protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many RNA molecules are there in the ribosomes of one Escherichia coli bacteria?

<p>18,700 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of enzymes in living organisms, according to the text?

<p>To bring together molecules that want to react (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of amino acids, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Ten to 30 atoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA in living organisms, according to the text?

<p>To serve as a genetic blueprint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is considered the little brother of DNA?

<p>RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four flavors of bases found in RNA nucleotides?

<p>Uracil, cytosine, adenine, guanine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the RNA world hypothesis?

<p>RNA is the molecule that stood at the beginning of the origin of life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most striking difference between DNA and RNA?

<p>DNA has more structural diversity than RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of RNA?

<p>Nucleotide sequence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

<p>RNA copies DNA into RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of ribosomes?

<p>Two-thirds RNA and one-third protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the catalytic activity of RNA?

<p>Ability to speed up biochemical reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of tRNA?

<p>Double-stranded with helices and loops (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA nucleotides in RNA molecules?

<p>To provide structural diversity to RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is an enzyme made of RNA, not peptides?

<p>Ribosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a ribosine interacts with a messenger RNA message?

<p>The ribosine cuts the mRNA message (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a ribosine in the RNA splicing process?

<p>It acts as a catalyst (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a messenger RNA message when it is processed by a ribosine?

<p>It is cut into fragments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the catalytic activity of a ribosine?

<p>It cuts mRNA messages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a ribosine during the RNA splicing process?

<p>It is consumed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stability of RNA in the absence of other enzymes?

<p>Very stable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a piece of RNA when it is dissolved in water?

<p>It dissolves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme made of peptides that synthesizes proteins?

<p>Ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a piece of RNA when it is processed by a ribosine?

<p>It is cut into fragments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks used in the Yuri Miller experiment to form RNA nucleotides?

<p>Formaldehyde and acetylene cyanide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the problem encountered when trying to combine ribose and base to form a sugar nucleotide?

<p>The ribose and base would not react under realistic conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the alternative synthesis route proposed to solve the problem of combining ribose and base?

<p>Make the ribose and base already together and then construct from them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules were used in the alternative synthesis route to form sugar nucleotide molecules?

<p>Glycoldehydes and aminocyanides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions were the sugar nucleotide molecules formed in the alternative synthesis route?

<p>Under low temperatures and presence of phosphate groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the alternative synthesis route in the context of the RNA world hypothesis?

<p>It provides experimental proof for the formation of RNA nucleotides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two building blocks used in the alternative synthesis route to form sugar nucleotide molecules?

<p>Formaldehyde and acetylene cyanide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the reaction that forms ribose from formaldehyde?

<p>Formosa reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the small molecules found in the ocean and distant galaxies that served as building blocks in the Yuri Miller experiment?

<p>Formaldehyde and acetylene cyanide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible roles of RNA mentioned in the text?

<p>Messenger, enzyme, and building block for larger structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of molecule T in the experiment mentioned in the text?

<p>To combine molecules A and B together to form a dimer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the ability of molecule T to form a new molecule of T by combining with molecules A and B?

<p>Self-replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the experiment's design in terms of molecule T's replication?

<p>It prevents the formation of nonsense molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of molecule T in the process of evolution mentioned in the text?

<p>To combine two molecules of A and one molecule of B together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to most of the molecules formed during the replication process mentioned in the text?

<p>They become nonsense molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe molecule T's ability to bring the ends of molecules A and B close together?

<p>Dimer formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of molecule T in the formation of a larger RNA polymer?

<p>To combine molecules A and B together to form a dimer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe molecule T's ability to replicate itself?

<p>Self-replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of molecule T's ability to interact with molecules A and B separately?

<p>It allows for the formation of different kinds of molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of molecule T in the experiment mentioned in the text?

<p>To combine molecules A and B together to form a dimer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prevalent hypothesis regarding the origin of life mentioned in the text?

<p>The RNA world hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of iron and sulfur in the iron sulfur world hypothesis?

<p>They generate energy via redox chemistry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy donor in the iron sulfur world hypothesis?

<p>Iron sulfur minerals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mineral frequently found in sites where early fossils have been found?

<p>Pyret (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of molecules being aligned on the pyrite surface in the iron sulfur world hypothesis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the sparks in the Discharge Experiment mentioned in the text?

<p>To generate energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of formate in the alternative synthesis route mentioned in the text?

<p>To form larger macromolecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why it is difficult to consider a self-replicating piece of RNA as a living thing?

<p>It lacks DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of a ribosome, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Three subunits made up of over 80 proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where were the reactions of self-replicating RNA most likely to have occurred?

<p>In a warm pond or a quiet piece of a warm ocean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of the experiments mentioned in the text?

<p>To understand the process of how a self-replicating RNA molecule can evolve into a living thing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in the formation of polypeptide chains, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Ribosomes use RNA and amino acids to build polypeptide chains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the complex structure of a ribosome, as mentioned in the text?

<p>It highlights the complexity of the steps required for a self-replicating RNA to evolve into a ribosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current progress in the experiments mentioned in the text, according to the author?

<p>There is still a long way to go, but there is a little bit of light at the end of the tunnel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of plasma membranes in the formation of protocells?

<p>To surround droplets of water containing interesting molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of transport mechanisms in the formation of protocells?

<p>To allow particular molecules to enter the cell from outside (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of micelles in the formation of protocells?

<p>To serve as cell-like structures that can grow and divide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the tarmac catastrophe in the formation of self-replicating RNA?

<p>It highlights the challenge of forming self-replicating RNA spontaneously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of low concentrations of building blocks in early Earth's environment?

<p>They made successful collisions between molecules less likely (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in forming self-replicating RNA according to the text?

<p>The specific order in which the molecules need to be present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the formation of cyanobacteria in the context of the text?

<p>It represents the evolution of the first cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of elements is hypothesized to form protoenzymes in the early Earth?

<p>Iron and sulfur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where in our cells today can iron-sulfur clusters be found?

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homochirality in biochemistry?

<p>The presence of asymmetrical molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules in biochemistry are mentioned as examples of chiral molecules?

<p>Amino acids and nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of asymmetrical carbon atoms in molecules?

<p>They result in mirror image molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is mentioned as having an asymmetrical carbon atom?

<p>Alanine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative explanation proposed for the origin of biochemistry?

<p>The iron-sulfur hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the things that is not properly explained by the RNA world hypothesis or the iron-sulfur hypothesis?

<p>Homochirality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed relationship between enzymes, RNA, and DNA?

<p>RNA and DNA evolved from enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of alanine is found exclusively in nature?

<p>L alanine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form are sugars found in nature?

<p>D form (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are enantiomers?

<p>Molecules with mirror images of each other (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon of molecules having a left or right hand form?

<p>Chirality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the deviation from forming nice mixtures of enantiomers in laboratory settings?

<p>Homo chirality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed reason for the survival of only one enantiomer in early chemical evolution?

<p>Natural selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the building blocks used in the formation of asymmetrical molecules in a normal chemical reaction?

<p>Three atoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the form of molecules that are neither left nor right hand?

<p>Symmetric (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of going from small, simple molecules to large, complex molecules?

<p>Chemical evolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the mixture of two enantiomers in equal amounts?

<p>Racemic mixture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of biomedical sciences study, according to the text?

<p>Studying the gene of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important hypothesis regarding the origin of life, according to the text?

<p>The RNA world hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of iron-sulfur clusters in cells, according to the text?

<p>They are part of important enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homo chirality, as mentioned in the text?

<p>The fact that amino acids are all L and sugars are all D (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tRNA polymer in the replication process, according to the text?

<p>It combines A and B to form molecule T (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can RNA viruses be considered early life forms, according to the text?

<p>No, because they lack sufficient energy source for replication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do students need to prepare anything for the next lecture, according to the text?

<p>No, they do not need to prepare anything (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was molecule T initially formed in the laboratory experiment, according to the text?

<p>It was created by researchers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of science, according to the text?

<p>To explore possible explanations through scientific theories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe molecule T's ability to replicate itself, according to the text?

<p>Self-replication property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the lecture on chemical evolution and origin of life?

<p>The hypothesis of the RNA world (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is homo chirality important in the context of chemical evolution?

<p>It helps in the identification of different sugars and amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of ribosomes?

<p>Two-thirds RNA and one-third protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the next lecture after the one on chemical evolution?

<p>The lecture on good laboratory practice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the age of rocks and fossils estimated?

<p>By measuring the amount of radioactive isotopes in the rocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do we need to know the different structures of all sugars and amino acids?

<p>Only the basic structure of a sugar is required (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the RNA world theory preferred over other theories?

<p>It has been extensively investigated and supported by positive evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the preference of the RNA world theory?

<p>It has been experimentally proven (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of ribosomes, mentioned in the text?

<p>Two-thirds RNA and one-third protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the next lecture after the one on chemical evolution, according to the text?

<p>The lecture on good laboratory practice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended way to access the PowerPoints for the lectures?

<p>By going to the Canvas platform and navigating to modules and lectures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is there any homework for this course?

<p>No, there is no homework (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should students do to prepare for the lectures?

<p>Read additional literature posted on Canvas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should a student contact if they cannot come to the tutorials?

<p>The student advisors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should students not forget about regarding the lectures?

<p>To take notes during the lectures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Will there be an exam on the subject?

<p>Yes, there will be an exam (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does DNL stand for?

<p>Dexter and Lavo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should a student contact if they have any questions?

<p>The student advisors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended way to process the lectures?

<p>Rewatch the lectures multiple times (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can the list of people in the Block planning group be found?

<p>The text does not mention where to find it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute configuration of a D sugar?

<p>The hydroxyl group attached to the final asymmetrical carbon atom is pointing to the right (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the DNL in DNL sugars and DNL amino acids?

<p>It refers to the absolute configuration of the molecule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a D sugar and an L sugar?

<p>The hydroxyl group attached to the final asymmetrical carbon atom points in opposite directions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can one find a detailed explanation about DNL sugars and DNL amino acids?

<p>In the book Introduction to General Organic and Biochemistry from Bettelheim (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term DNL refer to in the context of sugars and amino acids?

<p>The absolute configuration of the molecule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do people tend to focus on RNA world theory, according to the text?

<p>Because there is a lot of positive evidence available for it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the danger in focusing only on RNA world theory, according to the text?

<p>It limits investigation to only one aspect of the origin of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can one find a decent explanation about DNL sugars and DNL amino acids, according to the text?

<p>In the book Introduction to General Organic and Biochemistry from Bettelheim (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term DNL refer to in the context of sugars and amino acids, according to the text?

<p>The absolute configuration of the molecule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the DNL in DNL sugars and DNL amino acids, according to the text?

<p>It refers to the absolute configuration of the molecule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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