LC01 Chemical Evolution
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the first steps in the scientific process?

  • Analyzing data
  • Making observations (correct)
  • Forming a hypothesis
  • Conducting experiments

    • What is the importance of having a relatively high fidelity in the system of duplication of genetic information?

  • To ensure accurate reproduction of genetic information (correct)
  • To regulate chemical reactions
  • To produce energy
  • To prevent chaos

    • Which of the following best defines science?

  • A study of biology and biomedical sciences
  • A logical combination of specific phenomena
  • A method to understand and predict natural phenomena (correct)
  • A process of making observations and measurements

    • What is the starting point for science?

    <p>Observations, measurements, or ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three fundamental systems present in all living things or organisms?

    <p>A system of metabolism, a system of genetic information, and a system of biocatalysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enzymes in living organisms, according to the text?

    <p>To regulate chemical reactions in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the purpose of forming a hypothesis in science?

    <p>To make predictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the next step after making a prediction in the scientific process?

    <p>Making observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of scientific theories, according to the text?

    <p>They are temporary and subject to change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of science, according to the text?

    <p>To answer fundamental questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory, according to the text?

    <p>A hypothesis is based on observations, while a scientific theory is based on experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the author propose as the driving force behind the evolution of different kinds of birds living on different islands?

    <p>The environment put pressure on the variable population of birds, allowing only the most fit to survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best defines a hypothesis?

    <p>A proposed explanation that can be tested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of refining a hypothesis in the scientific process?

    <p>To make better predictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Charles Darwin observe on the Galapagos Islands?

    <p>Variation in bird species across different islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of science, according to the text?

    <p>To answer fundamental questions about the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does science differ from religious explanations, according to the text?

    <p>Science is based on observation and testing, while religion is based on faith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what did the author deduce about the different types of birds living on different islands?

    <p>They all originated from a common type of bird</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the author propose as the reason for the survival of only the fittest birds in each location?

    <p>The environment put pressure on the variable population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the author suggest as the driving force behind the evolution of different kinds of birds living on different islands?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the fittest birds surviving in each location?

    <p>It ensures the survival of the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next step after making a prediction in the scientific process, according to the text?

    <p>Conducting experiments to test the prediction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Panspermia hypothesis, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Life originates from space dust and comets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Panspermia hypothesis not explain, according to the text?

    <p>The process of how life originated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'abio' refer to in the context of 'abiogenesis', as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Life from something that did not live</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Luca or Luca, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>The last universal common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many billion years ago did Earth form?

    <p>4.6 billion years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age of the oldest fossils found on Earth?

    <p>3.5 billion years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Earth's atmosphere become oxygen-rich?

    <p>2.5 billion years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Cambrian Explosion occur?

    <p>500 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the impact of a meteorite occur that led to the extinction of dinosaurs?

    <p>65 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Earth cool down enough for water to become liquid?

    <p>700 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did life originate on Earth?

    <p>700 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the early Earth's atmosphere, as described in the text?

    <p>Presence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature range mentioned in the text for the early Earth when signs of life were first found?

    <p>Around 100 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ozone layer mentioned in the text?

    <p>To filter UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biogenic graphite?

    <p>A carbon-rich material that can only evolve from life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stromatolites?

    <p>Deposits formed by blue-green algae in warm ponds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Oprah Haldane hypothesis?

    <p>An explanation for how life got kick-started</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Oprain and Haldane propose as the conditions for organic synthesis?

    <p>Water, dissolved molecules, comets, and electrical discharges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are present in the universe, according to the text?

    <p>Methanol, carbon dioxide, cyanides acids, methane, water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the conditions of the experiment mentioned in the text?

    <p>Heating, sparking, boiling for weeks or months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules were found in the experiment conducted by Uria Miller, according to the text?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the experiment conducted by Uria Miller, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>The Discharge Experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the simplest amino acid found in the experiment, according to the text?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the amino acid with a cyclic structure found in the experiment, according to the text?

    <p>Proline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the starting point for the formation of molecules in the experiment, according to the text?

    <p>Inorganic starting materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hypothesis that the experiment supports, according to the text?

    <p>The Building Blocks hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the building blocks formed in the experiment, according to the text?

    <p>4-5 atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sparks in the Discharge Experiment, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>To simulate lightning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location where the meteorite used in the experiment was found, according to the text?

    <p>Antarctica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

    <p>Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why biochemical reactions in our cells are slow without enzymes?

    <p>The absence of catalysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of enzymes?

    <p>They prevent molecules from reacting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most simple form of life mentioned in the text?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different kinds of proteins are there in the Escherichia coli bacteria?

    <p>1850</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many RNA molecules are there in the ribosomes of one Escherichia coli bacteria?

    <p>18,700</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of enzymes in living organisms, according to the text?

    <p>To bring together molecules that want to react</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of amino acids, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ten to 30 atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA in living organisms, according to the text?

    <p>To serve as a genetic blueprint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is considered the little brother of DNA?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four flavors of bases found in RNA nucleotides?

    <p>Uracil, cytosine, adenine, guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RNA world hypothesis?

    <p>RNA is the molecule that stood at the beginning of the origin of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most striking difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA has more structural diversity than RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of RNA?

    <p>Nucleotide sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>RNA copies DNA into RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of ribosomes?

    <p>Two-thirds RNA and one-third protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the catalytic activity of RNA?

    <p>Ability to speed up biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of tRNA?

    <p>Double-stranded with helices and loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA nucleotides in RNA molecules?

    <p>To provide structural diversity to RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is an enzyme made of RNA, not peptides?

    <p>Ribosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a ribosine interacts with a messenger RNA message?

    <p>The ribosine cuts the mRNA message</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a ribosine in the RNA splicing process?

    <p>It acts as a catalyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a messenger RNA message when it is processed by a ribosine?

    <p>It is cut into fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the catalytic activity of a ribosine?

    <p>It cuts mRNA messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a ribosine during the RNA splicing process?

    <p>It is consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stability of RNA in the absence of other enzymes?

    <p>Very stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a piece of RNA when it is dissolved in water?

    <p>It dissolves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme made of peptides that synthesizes proteins?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a piece of RNA when it is processed by a ribosine?

    <p>It is cut into fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks used in the Yuri Miller experiment to form RNA nucleotides?

    <p>Formaldehyde and acetylene cyanide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the problem encountered when trying to combine ribose and base to form a sugar nucleotide?

    <p>The ribose and base would not react under realistic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the alternative synthesis route proposed to solve the problem of combining ribose and base?

    <p>Make the ribose and base already together and then construct from them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules were used in the alternative synthesis route to form sugar nucleotide molecules?

    <p>Glycoldehydes and aminocyanides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions were the sugar nucleotide molecules formed in the alternative synthesis route?

    <p>Under low temperatures and presence of phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the alternative synthesis route in the context of the RNA world hypothesis?

    <p>It provides experimental proof for the formation of RNA nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two building blocks used in the alternative synthesis route to form sugar nucleotide molecules?

    <p>Formaldehyde and acetylene cyanide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the reaction that forms ribose from formaldehyde?

    <p>Formosa reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the small molecules found in the ocean and distant galaxies that served as building blocks in the Yuri Miller experiment?

    <p>Formaldehyde and acetylene cyanide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible roles of RNA mentioned in the text?

    <p>Messenger, enzyme, and building block for larger structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of molecule T in the experiment mentioned in the text?

    <p>To combine molecules A and B together to form a dimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ability of molecule T to form a new molecule of T by combining with molecules A and B?

    <p>Self-replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the experiment's design in terms of molecule T's replication?

    <p>It prevents the formation of nonsense molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of molecule T in the process of evolution mentioned in the text?

    <p>To combine two molecules of A and one molecule of B together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to most of the molecules formed during the replication process mentioned in the text?

    <p>They become nonsense molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe molecule T's ability to bring the ends of molecules A and B close together?

    <p>Dimer formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of molecule T in the formation of a larger RNA polymer?

    <p>To combine molecules A and B together to form a dimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe molecule T's ability to replicate itself?

    <p>Self-replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of molecule T's ability to interact with molecules A and B separately?

    <p>It allows for the formation of different kinds of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of molecule T in the experiment mentioned in the text?

    <p>To combine molecules A and B together to form a dimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most prevalent hypothesis regarding the origin of life mentioned in the text?

    <p>The RNA world hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of iron and sulfur in the iron sulfur world hypothesis?

    <p>They generate energy via redox chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy donor in the iron sulfur world hypothesis?

    <p>Iron sulfur minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mineral frequently found in sites where early fossils have been found?

    <p>Pyret</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of molecules being aligned on the pyrite surface in the iron sulfur world hypothesis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the sparks in the Discharge Experiment mentioned in the text?

    <p>To generate energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of formate in the alternative synthesis route mentioned in the text?

    <p>To form larger macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why it is difficult to consider a self-replicating piece of RNA as a living thing?

    <p>It lacks DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of a ribosome, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Three subunits made up of over 80 proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were the reactions of self-replicating RNA most likely to have occurred?

    <p>In a warm pond or a quiet piece of a warm ocean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the experiments mentioned in the text?

    <p>To understand the process of how a self-replicating RNA molecule can evolve into a living thing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in the formation of polypeptide chains, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ribosomes use RNA and amino acids to build polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the complex structure of a ribosome, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>It highlights the complexity of the steps required for a self-replicating RNA to evolve into a ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current progress in the experiments mentioned in the text, according to the author?

    <p>There is still a long way to go, but there is a little bit of light at the end of the tunnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of plasma membranes in the formation of protocells?

    <p>To surround droplets of water containing interesting molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of transport mechanisms in the formation of protocells?

    <p>To allow particular molecules to enter the cell from outside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of micelles in the formation of protocells?

    <p>To serve as cell-like structures that can grow and divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the tarmac catastrophe in the formation of self-replicating RNA?

    <p>It highlights the challenge of forming self-replicating RNA spontaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of low concentrations of building blocks in early Earth's environment?

    <p>They made successful collisions between molecules less likely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in forming self-replicating RNA according to the text?

    <p>The specific order in which the molecules need to be present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the formation of cyanobacteria in the context of the text?

    <p>It represents the evolution of the first cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of elements is hypothesized to form protoenzymes in the early Earth?

    <p>Iron and sulfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in our cells today can iron-sulfur clusters be found?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homochirality in biochemistry?

    <p>The presence of asymmetrical molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules in biochemistry are mentioned as examples of chiral molecules?

    <p>Amino acids and nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of asymmetrical carbon atoms in molecules?

    <p>They result in mirror image molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is mentioned as having an asymmetrical carbon atom?

    <p>Alanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative explanation proposed for the origin of biochemistry?

    <p>The iron-sulfur hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the things that is not properly explained by the RNA world hypothesis or the iron-sulfur hypothesis?

    <p>Homochirality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed relationship between enzymes, RNA, and DNA?

    <p>RNA and DNA evolved from enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of alanine is found exclusively in nature?

    <p>L alanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form are sugars found in nature?

    <p>D form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are enantiomers?

    <p>Molecules with mirror images of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon of molecules having a left or right hand form?

    <p>Chirality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the deviation from forming nice mixtures of enantiomers in laboratory settings?

    <p>Homo chirality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed reason for the survival of only one enantiomer in early chemical evolution?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the building blocks used in the formation of asymmetrical molecules in a normal chemical reaction?

    <p>Three atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the form of molecules that are neither left nor right hand?

    <p>Symmetric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of going from small, simple molecules to large, complex molecules?

    <p>Chemical evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the mixture of two enantiomers in equal amounts?

    <p>Racemic mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of biomedical sciences study, according to the text?

    <p>Studying the gene of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important hypothesis regarding the origin of life, according to the text?

    <p>The RNA world hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of iron-sulfur clusters in cells, according to the text?

    <p>They are part of important enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homo chirality, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>The fact that amino acids are all L and sugars are all D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA polymer in the replication process, according to the text?

    <p>It combines A and B to form molecule T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can RNA viruses be considered early life forms, according to the text?

    <p>No, because they lack sufficient energy source for replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do students need to prepare anything for the next lecture, according to the text?

    <p>No, they do not need to prepare anything</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was molecule T initially formed in the laboratory experiment, according to the text?

    <p>It was created by researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of science, according to the text?

    <p>To explore possible explanations through scientific theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe molecule T's ability to replicate itself, according to the text?

    <p>Self-replication property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the lecture on chemical evolution and origin of life?

    <p>The hypothesis of the RNA world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is homo chirality important in the context of chemical evolution?

    <p>It helps in the identification of different sugars and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of ribosomes?

    <p>Two-thirds RNA and one-third protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next lecture after the one on chemical evolution?

    <p>The lecture on good laboratory practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the age of rocks and fossils estimated?

    <p>By measuring the amount of radioactive isotopes in the rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do we need to know the different structures of all sugars and amino acids?

    <p>Only the basic structure of a sugar is required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the RNA world theory preferred over other theories?

    <p>It has been extensively investigated and supported by positive evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the preference of the RNA world theory?

    <p>It has been experimentally proven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of ribosomes, mentioned in the text?

    <p>Two-thirds RNA and one-third protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next lecture after the one on chemical evolution, according to the text?

    <p>The lecture on good laboratory practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to access the PowerPoints for the lectures?

    <p>By going to the Canvas platform and navigating to modules and lectures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is there any homework for this course?

    <p>No, there is no homework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should students do to prepare for the lectures?

    <p>Read additional literature posted on Canvas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should a student contact if they cannot come to the tutorials?

    <p>The student advisors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should students not forget about regarding the lectures?

    <p>To take notes during the lectures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Will there be an exam on the subject?

    <p>Yes, there will be an exam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNL stand for?

    <p>Dexter and Lavo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should a student contact if they have any questions?

    <p>The student advisors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to process the lectures?

    <p>Rewatch the lectures multiple times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can the list of people in the Block planning group be found?

    <p>The text does not mention where to find it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absolute configuration of a D sugar?

    <p>The hydroxyl group attached to the final asymmetrical carbon atom is pointing to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the DNL in DNL sugars and DNL amino acids?

    <p>It refers to the absolute configuration of the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a D sugar and an L sugar?

    <p>The hydroxyl group attached to the final asymmetrical carbon atom points in opposite directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can one find a detailed explanation about DNL sugars and DNL amino acids?

    <p>In the book Introduction to General Organic and Biochemistry from Bettelheim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term DNL refer to in the context of sugars and amino acids?

    <p>The absolute configuration of the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people tend to focus on RNA world theory, according to the text?

    <p>Because there is a lot of positive evidence available for it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the danger in focusing only on RNA world theory, according to the text?

    <p>It limits investigation to only one aspect of the origin of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can one find a decent explanation about DNL sugars and DNL amino acids, according to the text?

    <p>In the book Introduction to General Organic and Biochemistry from Bettelheim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term DNL refer to in the context of sugars and amino acids, according to the text?

    <p>The absolute configuration of the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the DNL in DNL sugars and DNL amino acids, according to the text?

    <p>It refers to the absolute configuration of the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

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