The Stone Age

Ancient Age

• Sir Christian Jurgensen Thomsen developed the Three-Age System
• The Three-Age System classifies ancient ages by the developmental stages of tools
• The Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age are the 3 periods in the Three-Age System

Stone Age (3.4 MYA - 3300 BC)

• Human ancestors invented and used stone tools, which marked the start
• Society transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming and food production
• Limited written records make it hard to fully understand this era
• Cave drawings and unearthed artifacts are the primary study materials

Stone Tools of the Stone Age

• Daggers, including spear points for hunting have been discovered
• Stone choppers, with hand axes for cutting meat were utilized
• Stone scrapers to clean animal hides were crafted

Paleolithic Period (Old Stone)

• The longest phase of human history is the Paleolithic Period
• Humans were food gatherers and hunters and lived nomadically
• They had no permanent shelters

Venus Figurines

• Venus is a carving often made of ivory or stone
• Historians suggest it might represent early humans' concept of beauty or relate to fertility

Sewing

• Paleolithic people invented the needle for sewing
• Needles had eyes for "thread," using animal tendons, leather for larger items, or horsehair for smaller items

Pit Houses

• Temporary, transportable shelters with personal ornaments and crude stone hunting tools represent resourcefulness

Pottery and Baskets

• Pottery and baskets were used for gathering and storing liquids and dry goods to prevent food spoilage

Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone)

• Resulted in climate change, rising sea levels, and the extinction of large mammals
• These changes forced human migration, and living in camps emerged near water bodies

Microliths

• Microliths are small, polished stone tools that were attached to antlers, bone, or wood for spears and arrows

Agriculture

• The Mesolithic period saw the introduction of agriculture
• Agriculture led to permanent settlements in villages, including walled cities

Neolithic Period (New Stone)

• Ancient humans moved from hunter-gatherers to agriculture and food production
• People built permanent shelters, domesticated animals, and cultivated cereal grains

Fire

• People gained control of fire, opening the door for varied applications

Tools

• People used polished hand axes to plow and till the land
• Early humans began settling in the plains and made advancement in farming, construction, and art were made

Art

• In the Neolithic era, art involved pottery, sewing, and weaving to make clothing and textiles from harvested materials

The Bronze Age

• Bronze, a copper and tin alloy, was discovered through metallurgy advancements
• Smelting is how metals are extracted from ores, and bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin
• Organized governance, law, warfare, and early religion marked the Bronze Age
• Ancient Egyptians built pyramids to honor their pharaohs during this period
• Early writing systems alongside rock engravings and the rise of kingdoms with powerful rulers also took place

Smelting

• Metal is extracted from its ore through heating and melting

Bronze Age Tools

• Ox-drawn bronze plows, wheels, irrigation systems, and field systems were utilized

Soap

• The first soap in human history was invented during the Bronze Age
• A Babylonian tablet from 2800 BC contains a soap recipe
• Cassia oil, water, and alkali were its three main ingredients
• Cassia oil can be derived from cinnamon

The Iron Age

• Tools and weapons were forged from iron and steel across Europe, Asia, and Africa
• The smelting of iron ore first occurred in the South Caucasus

Iron Tools

• Smelted iron is harder than copper and tin

Smelting Pits

• Smelting pits produce high temperatures, which are needed to extract iron from ores

Gold and Silver Weights

• Gold and silver weights existed during the Bronze Age
• These remained essential during the Iron Age

First Coin

• The first metal pieces for exchange were imprinted coins around 600 BC

Middle Ages

• Began with the fall of the Roman Empire, lasting 1,000 years until 1450
• It is also known as the Medieval Period
• The early Middle Ages are known as the Dark Ages, due to the conquests of Rome and Greece

Europe

• Life in Europe was very difficult during the Middle Ages
• Superstition spread due to the fact that very few individuals could read or write
• People believed fate controlled life and had little hope to improve their conditions
• The beginning of feudalism began after the fall of the Roman Empire
• Peasants served as workers, despite the constant fear of death, it allows for advancement

European Innovations

• The horse collar pulls on a horse's shoulders and enabled ploughing and wagon transportation
• Watermills rotate and generate electricity
• Magnetic compass helps guide European mariners
• Clocks tell time by forming with the development of the verge escapement

Innovations in Cloth Making

• Wool, cotton, and silk were used
• The Great or Jersey Wheel improved cotton spinning

China

• While Europe declined economic different countries flourished in Asia, especially China
• The Chinese made significant medieval inventions

Chinese Innovations

• Seismographs determined the direction and presence of earthquakes
• Chinese paper was first for clothing and artwork, before writing
• Compasses were made of lodestone, a magnetized stone of iron, during the Han dynasty
• Cannons serve as weapons for military activities
• Gunpowder as a weapon for military printing
• Acupuncture utilizes needles for medical therapy
• The creation of the first movable type printer originated from pottery
• Wheel barrows can carry heavy loads, like royalities when they need to travel

India

• India's notable inventions remain beneficial today

Indian Innovations

• The 12-month division of the year
• Metallurgy, where Indians developed the science of smelting
• Ayurveda, traditional Indian medicine that focuses on balance for better health
• Understanding of square roots and linear equations

Pre-Columbian America

• Christopher Columbus voyaged across the Atlantic Ocean four times
• His exploration opened the way for European colonization in the Americas

Maya (Ancient natives of Central America)

• Excelled in agriculture, pottery, and mathematics using hieroglyphic writing and calendar-making
• Structures and symbolic artwork are the legacy of the Mayans
• Mayan pyramids constructed of limestone exemplified architectural power
• Cocoa beans were used as currency
• The Mayan solar calendar sparked intrigue

Aztecs (Pre-Columbian Indians of Mexico)

• Recorded astronomical observations in stone sculptures
• Used slash and burn farming to clear forested lands
• Human sacrifice was a unique ritual involving obsidian blades and hearts offered to gods

Inca (Pre-Columbian of Peru)

• Utilized advanced farming methods, like terrace farming, and built irrigation canals
• Retaining walls helped manage heat and protect crops from frost during cold evenings

Scientific Revolution

• The Scientific Revolution was a drastic change in scientific thought
• It occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries
• Replaced philosophical views with empirical science from the Greeks dominated for 2,000 years
• Emphasized abstract reasoning, quantitative analysis, experimental methods, and the understanding of nature-as-a-machine

Nicolaus Corpernicus

• Polish scientist who proposed that the planets circle the sun
• It was later confirmed with telescopes after virtually everyone believed Earth was at the center
• Suggested earth turns on its axis daily and annual shifts account for seasons

Johannes Kepler

• Planets have elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus
• Time to traverse a planetary orbit segment is proportional to the area between its arc and central body
• Relationship between the squares of planet's periods and cubes of their orbits
• Optics and reflection in telescopes had important work done

Isaac Newton

• One of the most influential scientists in history
• Significant discoveries and theories are laws of motion, law of universal gravitation, and reflecting telescope

Laws of Motion

• Law of Inertia
• Law of Acceleration
• Law of Reaction and Action

Law of Universal Gravitation

Charles Darwin

• Known for his theory of evolution in "On the Origin of Species"
• Noted also for contributions to entomology, highlighting the jobs of pollinators in his book

Sigmund Freud

• The Austrian neurologist founded psychoanalysis for talk therapy
• Theory of personality said the human mind has 3 components Id, Ego, Superego

Industrial Revolution

• Large-scale manufacturing moved from homes and small shops to factories
• Largely transformed rural societies in Europe and America into urban areas in the 18th century
• This revolution began in Great Britain

Gutenberg Revolution

• Johannes Gutenberg pioneered European movable type printing
• Revolutionized communication and knowledge which started a new era
• Books printed with the printer are incunabula, the first being the Gutenberg bible
• Literacy was encouraged by these texts and literature

Post-Gutenberg Revolution

• The internet, computers, and the WWW are considered revolutionary
• The transmission of information grew more accessable and much more easy

The Information Age

• Began in the 1970s and continues today
• Also known as the computer age, digital age, or new media age
• Allows to easily access knowledge and information
• Transformed traditionally industrial societies to be reliant on information

Rise of The Digital Era

• Modern computers emerged after World War II to combat Nazism
• Charles Babbage designed the analytical engine in the 1830s

Invention

• An invention improves processes or products, increases efficiency, and lowers costs with a unique composition, idea, or device
• Innovation is the defining characteristic of an invention.

The Printing Press

• Invented by Johannes Gutenberg during the 1430's
• An innovative printing process helped to print on a large scale

The Steam Engine

• Thomas Savery, patented a crude steam engine in 1698
• Thomas Newcomen invented the atmospheric engine in 1712
• James Watt's 1765 modern steam engine improved Newcomen's design

The Automobile

• Designed and bulit in 1885 by Karl Benz
• It was powered by an internal combustion engine

The Lightbulb

• Invented by Humphry Davy in 1809
• Chemist created the first electric light.
• Sir Joseph Wilson Swan created a longer-lasting lightbulb in 1878
• 13.5 hours and utilizes carbon fiber filament
• Thomas Edison made a carbon filament bulb burning 40 hours

The Camera

• Created in 114 by Joseph Nicephore Niepce
• Created the first photographic image with a camera
• Exposure to light was required for 8 hours and then it would fade
• Louis Daguerre invented the first practical photography process in 1837

The Sewing Machine

• The first functional sewing machine was invented by French tailor, Barthelemy Thimonnier, in 1830
• Walter Hunt created America’s first sewing machine in 1834
• Elias Howe patented the lockstitch sewing machine in 1846
• Isaac Singer is accredited with up-and-down motion

Telephone

• Alexander Graham Bell built the first phone in 1875 that electrically transmitted the human voice
• His first words were "Mr. Watson, come here; I want to see you"

Aeroplane

• Created in 1903 by Wilbur and Orville Wright

Radio

Nikola Tesla created the first radio

• Guglielmo Marconi promoted the radio in 1895
• Enabled radio transmission on December 12, 1901

Television

• John Logie Baird known as the inventor of mechanical television in the 20th century

Fly Shuttle

• John Kay invented the wheel shuttle in 1733
• It was know as the flying shuttle
• It increased weaving speed

Water Frame

Created in 1769 by Richard Arkwright

• Spinning frame is a water powered mechanized spinning machine
• It revolutionized textiles

Power Loom

• Edmund Cartwright developed in 1784 and complete in 1785
• Device used to weave and produce fabric

Cotton Gin

• Eli Whitney invented in 1793
• Machines to separate cotton fibers from seeds and make fabrics and clothing

Blast Furnace

• Abraham Darby created the blast furnace
• Created in 1709 as a way to use coke instead of coal
• Revolutionized pig iron production for steel

Puddling Furnace

• Henry Cort invented in 1783 and patented in 1784
• Used to create steel or wrought iron

Steamboat

• Made its debut on America in 1787 by John Finch
• River commerce and transportation was accelerated

Macadamizing

• Thomas Telford and John McAdam invented in strong, hard roads
• Heavy loads are supported by smooth hard surface

Puffing Billy

William Hedley built in 1813

• The oldest surviving steam locomotive still standing
• Hauling coal cadron wagons was also its job

Steamships

• Allowed for reliable and efficient travel for the expansion of global trade
• Cargo capacity and reduced travel times increased
• The Clermont, built by Robert Fulton in 180, was the first vessel

Electric Telegraph

• Invented by William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in England in 1837
• Used to communicate text messages more quickly
• Used in almost all systems

Gas Lighting

• William Murdoch, the Scottish inventor, equipped his home with pipes in 1792
• He delivered coal gas to lamps, which was combined with air to produce carbon dioxide

Bunsen Burner

Introduced by Robert Bunsen in 1855

• Forerunner for the gas-gas store and furnace
• Amount of air before the flame

Seed Drill

• Jethro Tull created the seed drill in 1701
• Farmers planted more efficiently significantly transforming agricultural practices

Physics of the 18 and 19th century

Charles-Augustine de Coulomb had a law on electrostatic interaction Alessandro Volta created the Cell or Battery

• Hans Christian Oersted described that electricity creates magnetism Andre Maries Ampere created a law to tell how electric current produces magnetism
• Paul Erman measured Earth's magnetismMichael Faraday noticed that magnetism generates electricity
• James Maxwell gave the unification theory of electricity and magnetism
• Heinrich Hertz discovery detected and produced radio waves
• Wilhelm Rontegen discovered X-rays

Chemistry of the 18th and 19th century

• Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit created the mercury thermometer
• Benjamin Franklin identified negative and positive charges
• Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier performed combustion tests and made it a science
• Henry Cavendish came up with that oxygen combustion produces water
• John Dalton created the atomic theory
• Joseph Thompson discovered the electron
• Humphrey davy and Jacob Berzelius discovered new elements
• Auguste Laurent and Charles Gerhardt were pioneers in organic chemistry

Biology of the 18th and 19th Century

• Robert Hooke discovered the cell
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek made the observation and discovery of microorganisms
• Carolus Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature of classifying species
• Mary Anning discovered the first Ichthyosaur fossils
• George Cuvier founded comparative anatomy
• Robert brown discovered the nucleus cell
• Crawford Long used either in surgical operations
• Wilhem Vndt introduced psychology
• Charles Darwin made the theory of evolution
• Louis Pasteur discovered a vaccine against rabies
• Daniel Hale Williams performed the first open heart surgery
• Martinus Beijerinck discovered the first known virus

The 20th Century

• Edwin Hubble presented galaxies as huge aggregations of stars to express and expand the universe
• Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto
• Karl Gushe JanSky radio waves discovery space
• George's Lemaire created the original Big Bang
• Theory Georges Gamow had a theory about the Big Bang and Robert herman
• Jocelyne discovered a pulsar
• Neils Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin had the first walk on the moon
• Alain gup theory, Fritz Zwicky detection
• Michael sabet,
• Joro Salva had a polar orbit

Biology of the 20th Century

• Andrews, and there was one over the edge that would be easier said the reverse in Earth's magnetic field every 100 million years
• Charice franchise Earthquake intensity scaled Harries, but there was a theory of seafloor spreading Walter has the idea of that dinosaur, extinction was caused by the striking of large comment Earth huge DeVries idea of occurrence -James Watson and Francis Crick DNA structure
• Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boy had been given of genetic engineering that was transferring a function between mice
• Owen Wilson and Russell had production of the first gym clone for Max Steel at the Wilmot Sheeps Cloning Hugo DeVries has rediscovered the levels of genetics but the majority of Discovery viruses
• Rolf Janice had introduce a mouse embryo

Scientific Innovations, Based on Various Theories

• Biogas, biosensors, DNA fingerprinting, gene cloning and synthetic skin used for Biotechnology
• Cell phones, radio, and communication satellites for communication
• Armed tanks, atomic bombs and tear gas are for defense
• Biogas and Solar power helps save and conserve energy
• VHS and CD players improve entertainment
• Calculators and other types of computers improve technology.
• Artificial heart, kidney and blood blanks improves medicine
• Airplane, Diesel and helicopters are important methods of transportation

Filipino Historical Before Colonization

• Early Filipinos who practiced animism, believing ancestral spirits, or diwata, influenced daily life and natural events.
• Early Filipinos used this writing for messages and letters
• The development and accumulation was needed to create this literature
• Barangays, or self-sufficient autonomous communities, conducted trade, although most practiced economies that focused on themselves, or their family.
• 40,000 years ago, simple tools developed, and settlements flourished in major regions Copper, gold,and iron were used in these tools. Philippine graves have shown extraction and refining techniques Filipinos built boats for trade by the 10 th century The Spaniards took note of Warships or Caracoa. Butuan traded with Champa Vietnam Records have been translated to show trade with China from the 10th - 15th century.
• Agriculture developed, growing cotton and produce and domesticating livestock, along with Cordilleras' utilized spring water. Also it domesticate swine, goats and fouls.
  • Settlements in coastal and mountain areas revealed coastal communities and sophisticated wood, agriculture and sophisticated technology system. Filipinos also made products which were used to constructed beewax
• Raja Soliman also had tools such as copper and jars

Spanish Regime-Era

• Education was initially overseen by missionaries, emphasizing religion
• Higher education was limited to the elite and pursued priesthood
• The school called Manila agriculture was created
• Private schools Act and education office developed private machinery education, which support the country
• It clustered policy in the country in Social sciences Medical also changed in the industry in the physics and chemical and pharmaceutical

Spanish Regime In Philippines. (1521-1898)

• Early schools were set up by the Spanish
• Various degrees were received by the citizens
• Only the rich can study in Europe
• Jose Rizal and Anton Luna excelled in their studies
• The Spanish then ordered a system
• There were chiefs or leaders
• However it was a not a successs story due to limited space and money
• This was a big part in the agriculture

American Era in the Phillipines

• Education advanced rapidly with support from the government
• Public Education system provided scholarships in engineering and provided science research centers to help give advancements
• Education access to the Filipinos English was used as the form of education American built school to help filipino
• American supported support
• The original up was on Taft avenue Also known as private School Act
• It stated the a school who did not work that way