Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?
- Production of melanin (correct)
- Storage of minerals like calcium and phosphorus
- Support and movement
- Protection of internal organs
Within a long bone, such as the humerus, what is the primary role of the medullary cavity?
Within a long bone, such as the humerus, what is the primary role of the medullary cavity?
- Facilitating bone growth at the epiphyseal plates
- Housing the red marrow for blood cell production
- Anchoring the periosteum to the bone via Sharpey's fibers
- Serving as an energy reserve by storing yellow marrow (correct)
Sharpey's fibers play a vital role in the skeletal system. What is their main function?
Sharpey's fibers play a vital role in the skeletal system. What is their main function?
- Enabling flexibility at joint articulations
- Producing red blood cells within the medullary cavity
- Facilitating nutrient exchange within the bone matrix
- Anchoring the periosteum to the bone (correct)
Which component of the skeletal system directly contributes to flexibility and movement at joints?
Which component of the skeletal system directly contributes to flexibility and movement at joints?
How does melanin protect the nucleus (DNA) of keratinocytes from damage by UV light?
How does melanin protect the nucleus (DNA) of keratinocytes from damage by UV light?
What is the role of melanocytes relative to keratinocytes?
What is the role of melanocytes relative to keratinocytes?
Which of the following accurately describes the composition of the dermis?
Which of the following accurately describes the composition of the dermis?
What is the primary function of dermal papillae?
What is the primary function of dermal papillae?
The epidermis is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels. How are nutrients supplied to the cells of the epidermis?
The epidermis is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels. How are nutrients supplied to the cells of the epidermis?
Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in the epidermis?
Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the stratum basale in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the stratum basale in the epidermis?
Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by 3 to 5 layers of flat keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis?
Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by 3 to 5 layers of flat keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis?
What is the main characteristic of the stratum corneum?
What is the main characteristic of the stratum corneum?
How do keratinocytes change as they move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?
How do keratinocytes change as they move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?
What is the role of the skeletal system in triglyceride storage?
What is the role of the skeletal system in triglyceride storage?
Which epidermal cell type is primarily responsible for initiating an immune response?
Which epidermal cell type is primarily responsible for initiating an immune response?
Which type of cell is responsible for cutaneous sensation?
Which type of cell is responsible for cutaneous sensation?
Which of the following is the correct order of the epidermal layers starting from the most superficial layer to the deepest?
Which of the following is the correct order of the epidermal layers starting from the most superficial layer to the deepest?
Which one of the following best describes the hypodermis?
Which one of the following best describes the hypodermis?
Which one of the following explains how melanocytes supply keratinocytes?
Which one of the following explains how melanocytes supply keratinocytes?
Flashcards
Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Includes bones, joints that allow flexibility and movement and cartilage.
Skeletal System Functions
Skeletal System Functions
Provide support, protection, movement and storage of fat in yellow marrow and mineral like calcium and phosphorus.
Blood Cell Formation (Hematopoiesis)
Blood Cell Formation (Hematopoiesis)
Takes place in red bone marrow, which produces blood cells.
Triglyceride Storage
Triglyceride Storage
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Diaphysis
Diaphysis
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Epiphysis
Epiphysis
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Metaphysis
Metaphysis
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Periosteum
Periosteum
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Endosteum
Endosteum
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Medullary Cavity
Medullary Cavity
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Sharpey's fibers
Sharpey's fibers
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Melanin
Melanin
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Melanosome
Melanosome
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Dermis
Dermis
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Cells Present in Dermis
Cells Present in Dermis
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Dermal Papillae
Dermal Papillae
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Epidermis
Epidermis
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Dermis
Dermis
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Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)
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Stratum Basale
Stratum Basale
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Study Notes
- The skeletal system includes bones, joints(allow flexibility and movement), and cartilage
- Ligaments are also part of the skeletal system
Functions of the skeletal system
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Storage(stores fat in yellow marrow and minerals like calcium and phosphorus)
- Blood cell formation(Hematopoiesis) takes place in red bone marrow, red marrow produce blood cells
- Triglyceride storage: yellow marrow stores fat(adipose tissue) as an energy reserve
Structure of a long bone: humerus(the arm bone)
- Diaphysis: shaft of the bone; compact and spongy
- Epiphysis: ends of the bone
- Metaphysis: between diaphysis and epiphysis
- Periosteum: outer covering
- Endosteum: lines internal surface
- Medullary cavity: contains yellow marrow
- Sharpey's fibers: anchors periosteum to bone
- Melanin: pigment of skin produced in melanocytes of the stratum basale
- Melanin absorbs UV light
- Melanin clusters form a veil inside keratinocytes to protect the nucleus(DNA) from damage of UV light
- Melanin is contained in an organelle called Melanosome
- Melanosomes move like arm structures called dendrites which are extending between keratinocytes
- Melanocytes supply 36 keratinocytes on average with melanin
- Dermis: Composed of thick connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers
- Dermis is essential for the survival of epidermis
- Cells present include fibroblasts, some macrophages and few adipocytes(fat storage)
- Dermis is divided into two areas: papillary and reticular regions
- Between the dermis and epidermis there are finger like projections called dermal papillae
- Dermal papillae contain tactile corpuscles for sensation
The Integumentary System
- Skin consists of two main parts: epidermis and dermis
- Epidermis: Superficial thin layer of epithelial tissues
- Dermis: Deep thick layer of connective tissue
- Hypodermis(subcutaneous) is deep to the dermis
- Hypodermis is not part of the skin, but composed of areolar and adipose tissues to store for fat
- Epidermis: composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Four types of cells: keratinocytes 90%, melanocytes 8%, langerhans cells, merkel cells
- The keratinocytes are in 4/5 layers
- Langerhans cells arise from red bone marrow, responsible for immune response
- Merkel cells receive sensation
Layers of epidermis(from innermost to outer)
- Stratum basale forms new cells, a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
- Stratum spinosum has 8 to 10 layers of many sided keratinocytes
- Stratum granulosum has 3 to 5 layers of flat keratinocytes that undergo apoptosis
- Stratum lucidum is present only in fingers, palms, and soles
- Stratum corneum has 25 to 30 layers of flat dead keratinocytes
- Keratinocytes move up as they age
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