Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one function of the skeletal system related to mineral storage?
What is one function of the skeletal system related to mineral storage?
Which type of bone is primarily found in the arms and legs?
Which type of bone is primarily found in the arms and legs?
Why do humans end up with 206 bones as adults instead of 300 at birth?
Why do humans end up with 206 bones as adults instead of 300 at birth?
Which type of bone is described as being cube-like in shape?
Which type of bone is described as being cube-like in shape?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary characteristic of flat bones?
What is a primary characteristic of flat bones?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of long bones in the skeletal system?
What is the primary function of long bones in the skeletal system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bone type serves mainly as points of attachment for muscles?
Which bone type serves mainly as points of attachment for muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bones are categorized due to their complex shapes?
What type of bones are categorized due to their complex shapes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of irregular bones?
What is the primary function of irregular bones?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is considered a sesamoid bone?
Which of the following is considered a sesamoid bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What bones comprise the appendicular skeleton?
What bones comprise the appendicular skeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the clavicle located in relation to the axial skeleton?
Where is the clavicle located in relation to the axial skeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these descriptions accurately defines sesamoid bones?
Which of these descriptions accurately defines sesamoid bones?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the pectoral girdle?
What is the role of the pectoral girdle?
Signup and view all the answers
How many sesamoid bones are typically found in a person?
How many sesamoid bones are typically found in a person?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the axial skeleton is correct?
Which of the following statements about the axial skeleton is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two main bones that make up the pectoral girdle?
What are the two main bones that make up the pectoral girdle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of a long bone is primarily responsible for lengthwise growth during development?
Which part of a long bone is primarily responsible for lengthwise growth during development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the articular cartilage found on long bones?
What is the main function of the articular cartilage found on long bones?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of a long bone contains fatty yellow bone marrow?
Which component of a long bone contains fatty yellow bone marrow?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the endosteum in long bones?
What is the purpose of the endosteum in long bones?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following structures minimizes the weight of the bone while providing maximum strength?
Which of the following structures minimizes the weight of the bone while providing maximum strength?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure covers the outer surface of a bone?
Which structure covers the outer surface of a bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the nutrient foramen in long bones?
What is the role of the nutrient foramen in long bones?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of compact bone?
What is the main function of compact bone?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structural unit is characteristic of compact bone?
Which structural unit is characteristic of compact bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes spongy bone from compact bone?
What distinguishes spongy bone from compact bone?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bone typically consists of two layers of compact bone with an interior of spongy bone?
What type of bone typically consists of two layers of compact bone with an interior of spongy bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of trabeculae found in spongy bone?
What is the primary characteristic of trabeculae found in spongy bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does cartilage play in the skeletal system?
What role does cartilage play in the skeletal system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of bone tissue is primarily responsible for strength and density?
Which type of bone tissue is primarily responsible for strength and density?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
What is the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells transform into osteocytes when trapped in the calcified matrix?
Which cells transform into osteocytes when trapped in the calcified matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are osteogenic cells primarily located within the bone?
Where are osteogenic cells primarily located within the bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of osteoblasts?
What is the primary role of osteoblasts?
Signup and view all the answers
During which process is new bone tissue added?
During which process is new bone tissue added?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of bone tissue is made up of collagen fibers?
What percentage of bone tissue is made up of collagen fibers?
Signup and view all the answers
What initiates the transformation of osteogenic cells into osteoblasts?
What initiates the transformation of osteogenic cells into osteoblasts?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is essential for calcium homeostasis in bone?
Which factor is essential for calcium homeostasis in bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary consequence of an imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
What is the primary consequence of an imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does resistance training have on bone tissue?
What effect does resistance training have on bone tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
How does microgravity affect astronauts' bone mass?
How does microgravity affect astronauts' bone mass?
Signup and view all the answers
What regulates the release of calcium from bones?
What regulates the release of calcium from bones?
Signup and view all the answers
What is osteoporosis characterized by?
What is osteoporosis characterized by?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to an astronaut's bones after returning from a long space mission?
What happens to an astronaut's bones after returning from a long space mission?
Signup and view all the answers
What main factor contributes to bone strengthening when exposed to stress?
What main factor contributes to bone strengthening when exposed to stress?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is responsible for increasing calcium levels in the blood by releasing it from bones?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing calcium levels in the blood by releasing it from bones?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
The Skeletal System
- Comprises bones and cartilage, forming the body's framework.
- Accounts for approximately 20% of total body weight.
- A newborn has ~300 bones, but adults have 206.
- This difference is due to the fusion of some bones during development.
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Protects internal organs; for instance, rib cage protects lungs and heart, skull protects brain, and spine protects spinal cord.
- Stores and releases minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus, contributing to bone strength.
- Provides a surface for skeletal muscle attachment enabling movement.
- Produces blood cells in red bone marrow
- Stores triglycerides (fat) in yellow bone marrow, which serves as an energy source.
Types of Bones
- Classified into five categories based on shape:
- Long bones: cylindrical, longer than wide (e.g., femur, humerus, tibia). Function as levers during muscle contraction.
- Short bones: roughly cube-shaped, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness (e.g., carpals, tarsals). Provide stability and limited movement.
- Flat bones: thin and often curved (e.g., sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones). Offer muscle attachment points and protect internal organs.
- Irregular bones: complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae, facial bones). Protect internal organs.
- Sesamoid bones: small, round bones embedded within tendons (e.g., patella). Protect tendons from compressive forces.
Bone Classifications
- Summary table describing features, function(s), and example bones for each category.
Axial and Appendicular Skeletons
- Axial skeleton forms the central axis including skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
- Appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic).
Pectoral Girdle
- The clavicle and scapula attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
- Clavicle connects to the sternum (breastbone) .
- Lateral end of clavicle articulates with scapula superior to the shoulder joint.
Anatomy of a Long Bone (Diagram)
- Details of the anatomy: includes the epiphyses, diaphysis, metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, and endosteum.
- The diaphysis is the long cylindrical portion of the bone.
- The epiphyses are the expanded ends of the bone.
- The metaphyses are found between the diaphysis and the epiphyses.
- The articular cartilage covers the epiphyses where the bone articulates with another bone.
- The periosteum is a tough outer membrane, covering most of the bone surface.
- The endosteum lines the medullary cavity.
Bone and Cartilage Differences
- Bones are rigid connected tissues; cartilage is a flexible connective tissue.
- Bones are hard, cartilage is soft and elastic.
- Bones contain blood vessels; cartilage lacks blood vessels.
- Bones primarily contain calcium phosphates; cartilage does not.
Bone Tissues
- Compact Bone: Dense, strong, under periosteum and in long bone diaphyses providing support and protection.
- Spongy Bone: Lighter than compact bone, columns of trabeculae (spaces red marrow). Found in ends of long bones, where hematopoiesis occurs.
Bone Cells
- Osteogenic cells: undifferentiated cells, located in the endosteum and periosteum, develop into osteoblasts.
- Osteoblasts: produce bone matrix, and are found in the growing areas of bone, such as periosteum and endosteum, forming collagen and calcium salts.
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells entrapped in the matrix, maintaining the matrix.
- Osteoclasts: breakdown bone matrix, found on the surfaces, and are crucial for calcium homeostasis.
Bone Remodeling
- A dynamic process of constant addition of new bone and removal of old bone.
- Balance between osteoblasts (building bone) and osteoclasts (breaking down bone) is important.
Bone's Role in Calcium Homeostasis
- Bones release calcium when levels are low (via osteoclasts) and absorb calcium if levels are high (via osteoblasts).
- This is regulated by hormones like calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.
Bone Tissue and Exercise
- Exercises stress bone tissues which results in increased deposition of mineral salts and collagen fibers leading to stronger and denser bones.
- Resistance training provides greater stimulation than cardiovascular exercises.
Bone Tissue and Microgravity
- Astronauts in space experience bone loss due to reduced stress from weightlessness on bones.
The Skeletal System and Homeostasis
- The skeletal system is vital for homeostasis, supporting and protecting organs, storing and releasing calcium.
Osteoporosis
- A condition resulting from faster bone resorption (breakdown) than deposition (building).
- Leads to bone mineral density reductions and an increased risk of bone fractures.
Calcium Homeostasis Feedback Loops
- Controlled by hormones in response to levels of calcium in the blood.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the important aspects of the skeletal system, including its composition, functions, and types of bones. Discover how bones protect internal organs, store minerals, and produce blood cells. This quiz provides an engaging summary of how the skeletal system supports the body's framework and functionality.
