The Scientific Method and Branches of Science
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary ethical consideration when conducting research involving humans or animals?

  • Ensuring all results are published
  • Maximizing data collection
  • Minimizing funding requirements
  • Following established ethical guidelines (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a violation of ethical research practices?

  • Falsification of results
  • Providing full disclosure of funding sources (correct)
  • Fabrication of data
  • Plagiarism

    • Which of the following tools is commonly used in scientific investigations?

  • Eraser
  • Notebook
  • Calculator
  • Microscope (correct)

    • What aspect of science reflects its ability to change over time?

    <p>Evolving scientific understanding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does science face regarding knowledge and beliefs?

    <p>It cannot address certain areas outside its domain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is generally not part of the scientific method?

    <p>Data manipulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes scientific theories from scientific laws?

    <p>Theories describe why things happen; laws describe what happens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does scientific inquiry primarily involve?

    <p>Proposing and testing hypotheses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of science focuses on human behavior?

    <p>Social sciences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of peer review in scientific communication?

    <p>To enhance the credibility of research findings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a natural science?

    <p>Physics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key ethical principle in scientific research?

    <p>Honesty and integrity are paramount. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of clear communication in science?

    <p>To ensure findings can be accurately shared and understood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Ethical Guidelines in Research

    Scientific research must adhere to ethical principles that prioritize the welfare and rights of participants. This involves informed consent, minimizing risks, maintaining confidentiality, and ensuring the well-being of all involved.

    Scientific Tools and Techniques

    Scientific tools and techniques are essential for conducting experiments, gathering data, and analyzing results. These can include microscopes, telescopes, laboratory instruments, chromatography, electrophoresis, and spectroscopy, among others.

    Limitations of Science

    Science cannot address all questions, and there are some things outside the realm of scientific investigation. Belief systems, moral values, and subjective experiences fall beyond its scope.

    Scientific Understanding Evolves

    Scientific understanding is constantly evolving as new evidence emerges and existing theories are tested. This dynamic nature allows scientific knowledge to be refined and improved over time.

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    Scientific Findings Are Subject to Refinement

    Scientific findings are based on observations and data collected through empirical methods. These methods are subject to limitations, including measurement error, sample size, and bias.

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    Scientific Method

    A systematic process for acquiring knowledge about the natural world through observation, experimentation, and hypothesis testing.

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    Scientific Theories

    Explanations of natural phenomena supported by extensive evidence from repeated experiments. They describe the underlying causes and principles governing observations.

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    Scientific Laws

    Descriptions of natural phenomena, often expressed mathematically, that summarize what happens under specific conditions.

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    Natural Sciences

    The study of the natural world, encompassing disciplines like physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and astronomy.

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    Scientific Inquiry

    The process of systematic investigation used to answer questions or solve problems about the natural world, involving developing testable questions, hypotheses, data analysis, and conclusions.

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    Scientific Communication

    A critical aspect of scientific progress, ensuring researchers share their findings and collaborate to advance understanding.

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    Scientific Ethics

    Integrity and honesty are crucial in scientific research, upholding ethical codes to maintain public trust.

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    Social Sciences

    A branch of science focused on understanding human behavior and social structures, including disciplines like psychology, sociology, and economics.

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    Study Notes

    The Scientific Method

    • Science is a systematic process for acquiring knowledge about the natural world.
    • It relies on observation, experimentation, and formulating and testing hypotheses.
    • The scientific method is a cyclical process of investigation.
    • It's a flexible approach, not a rigid set of steps.
    • Key components include observation, question formation, hypothesis development, prediction, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion.
    • Scientists build upon existing knowledge and prior findings.

    Branches of Science

    • Science is categorized by subject matter.
    • Natural sciences study natural phenomena.
    • Social sciences explore human behavior and social structures.
    • Formal sciences use abstract reasoning for logical relationships.
    • Key natural science branches include physics, chemistry, biology (botany, zoology, ecology), geology, and astronomy.

    Scientific Inquiry

    • Scientific inquiry systematically investigates questions and problems in the natural world.
    • Key aspects include developing testable questions, proposing and testing hypotheses, analyzing and interpreting data, and drawing conclusions.
    • Scientific inquiry is essential for advancing knowledge through observation and experimentation.

    Scientific Laws and Theories

    • Scientific laws describe natural phenomena, often using mathematical equations.
    • Laws explain what happens, not why.
    • Scientific theories explain phenomena, supported by extensive evidence.
    • Theories detail mechanisms and principles behind observations.
    • Theories are highly reliable explanations validated by repeated testing.

    Scientific Communication

    • Sharing findings is crucial for scientific advancement.
    • Scientific publications, conferences, and collaboration are essential.
    • Peer review and replication increase findings' credibility.
    • Clear and accurate communication using scientific vocabulary is vital.

    Scientific Ethics

    • Honesty and integrity are fundamental in research.
    • Ethical codes uphold public trust.
    • Human and animal research must follow ethical guidelines for participant well-being.
    • Avoiding plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification are ethical research practices.

    Scientific Tools and Techniques

    • Tools and techniques are vital for investigating and understanding phenomena.
    • Examples include microscopes, telescopes, and laboratory instruments.
    • Techniques such as chromatography, electrophoresis, and spectroscopy broaden investigation.
    • Modern technology and computational analysis are central to scientific progress.

    Limitations of Science

    • Science can't address all questions or give definitive answers.
    • Scientific inquiry has limitations.
    • Knowledge and beliefs often fall outside the scientific domain.
    • Scientific understanding can change with new evidence or tests.
    • Findings are subject to refinement.
    • Science relies on empirical evidence and observations affected by measurement limitations.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational principles of the scientific method and the various branches of science. Understand how observation, experimentation, and hypothesis formulation are crucial in scientific inquiry. Learn about natural and social sciences, and the distinctions among them.

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