35 Questions
What was the aim of the Council of Europe as defined in Article 1(a) of its Statute?
To achieve greater unity between European states
What was the primary reason for the modest normative output of the Council of Europe compared to the European Union?
Its mode of operation
What is the main focus of the Council of Europe nowadays?
The protection of human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe
What is the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (ECHR)?
An international treaty adopted under the aegis of the Council of Europe
What is the remit of the Council of Europe?
Very wide, covering a cornucopia of subject matters
What is the mode of operation of the Council of Europe?
Proceeds primarily either by means of (non-binding) conclusions or recommendations to its Member States or by providing a forum for and encouraging the conclusion of (binding) international treaties
What is the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)?
A machinery for the enforcement of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (ECHR)
What was the aim of the Council of Europe as defined in Article 1(a) of its Statute?
To achieve greater unity between European states
What was the primary reason for the modest normative output of the Council of Europe compared to the European Union?
Its mode of operation
What is the main focus of the Council of Europe nowadays?
The protection of human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe
What is the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (ECHR)?
An international treaty adopted under the aegis of the Council of Europe
What is the remit of the Council of Europe?
Very wide, covering a cornucopia of subject matters
What is the mode of operation of the Council of Europe?
Proceeds primarily either by means of (non-binding) conclusions or recommendations to its Member States or by providing a forum for and encouraging the conclusion of (binding) international treaties
What is the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)?
A machinery for the enforcement of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (ECHR)
What was the aim of the Council of Europe as defined in Article 1(a) of its Statute?
To achieve greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realizing the ideals and principles which are their common heritage and facilitating their economic and social progress
What was the reason for the less consensus on the forms cooperation between European States should take?
Strong British opposition to anything other than an intergovernmental format
What is the remit of the Council of Europe?
Very wide
What is the most successful area of the Council of Europe?
Protection of fundamental rights, chiefly through the adoption of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (ECHR)
What is the mode of operation of the Council of Europe?
Proceeds primarily either by means of (non-binding) conclusions or recommendations to its Member States or by providing a forum for and encouraging the conclusion of (binding) international treaties (usually referred to as “conventions”) by those states
What is the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)?
A machinery for the enforcement of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (ECHR) through the European Court of Human Rights sitting in Strasbourg
What is the view expressed in the preamble to the Statute of the Council of Europe?
To bring European States into closer association is important for the pursuit of peace based upon justice and international co-operation and the preservation of human society and civilization
What was the main objective of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)?
To ensure French security from Germany
Who proposed the establishment of a common “High Authority” to supervise both French and German coal and steel production?
Robert Schuman
What was the composition of the countries that established the ECSC?
France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Italy
What was the role of the Court of Justice of the ECSC?
To act as a dedicated jurisdiction for the ECSC
What was the main power of the High Authority in the ECSC?
To supervise both French and German coal and steel production
What was the role of the Assembly in the ECSC?
To act as a consultative body for national parliaments
What was the ultimate goal of the ECSC according to Jean Monnet?
To be a first step towards comprehensive European integration
What was the main purpose of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)?
To establish close cooperation between France and Germany
Who proposed the establishment of the ECSC?
Robert Schuman
Which countries were involved in the establishment of the ECSC?
France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Italy
What was the role of the High Authority in the ECSC?
To supervise both French and German coal and steel production
What was the Court of Justice of the ECSC responsible for?
As a dedicated jurisdiction
What was the role of the Assembly in the ECSC?
To have a consultative role
What was the ultimate goal of the ECSC according to Jean Monnet?
Comprehensive European integration
Study Notes
The Birth of the European Union: The European Coal and Steel Community
- The Treaty of Paris in 1951 established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the first step towards the European Union.
- The Treaty of Paris reconciled French and American/British objectives to allow economic development in West Germany while minimizing the risk of a threat to French security from Germany.
- The supervision instituted after the war by the Allies over coal and steel production in Germany was to be maintained for as long as possible.
- The French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, proposed a common “High Authority” to supervise both French and German coal and steel production, inviting other European countries to join the initiative.
- The ECSC aimed to establish close cooperation on a foot of equality between France and Germany while allaying French fears of a revival of German militarism.
- The ECSC's aims were overwhelmingly political rather than economic, but its central aim was to encourage competition and cross-border trade in coal and steel for more efficient production and cheaper prices.
- The ECSC was established by France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Italy.
- The High Authority was the most powerful institution in the ECSC, with members appointed by the Member States but independent of them.
- The Court of Justice of the ECSC was created as a dedicated jurisdiction.
- The Assembly made up of representatives of national parliaments and the Council of Ministers made up of representatives of national governments had less power and more of a consultative role.
- The ECSC was a departure from the standard model for international organizations, which were primarily intergovernmental.
- The ECSC was not conceived as an end in itself but as a first step towards comprehensive European integration, according to its intellectual father, Jean Monnet.
Test your knowledge on the initial steps towards European integration in the aftermath of WWII with this quiz. Learn about the diplomatic and political efforts made by Western European states towards greater cooperation and the motivations behind them. Keywords: European integration, post WWII period, cooperation, inter-state conflict, Soviet bloc.
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