53 Questions
Which of the following best describes Putin's relationship with the Russian people?
He rarely interacts with the Russian people in unscripted encounters.
What is one way Putin has tried to create a narrative of Russian glory?
By emphasizing the importance of the Second World War
What was Ludmila's experience of living with Putin?
He was a strict and demanding husband.
During the 1990s, Putin worked for President Yeltsin's Kremlin and witnessed the weakness of the new Russia. In 1998, when the United States considered air strikes in Serbia, Yeltsin was furious. What was Putin's reaction to this situation?
He was determined to prevent such situations from happening in the future.
What did Putin write in an article in the Russian newspaper Nezavisimaya Gazeta in late 1999, just before becoming president?
He called for unity among Russians to ensure the country's status as a global power.
What role did history play in Putin's efforts to restore Russia's 'first-tier' status?
He wanted Russians to take pride in their history and national achievements.
How did Putin's personal image contribute to the narrative of a resurgent Russia?
He emphasized his macho credentials and toughness.
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union stood for nearly half a century as one of the two lodes of global power. When it dissolved in 1991, Russia found itself losing relevance.
50 years
What was the impact of the Soviet Union's dissolution on Russia?
Russia lost relevance
How did the events of the Cold War influence Putin?
They influenced his political moves
Which two fascist regimes are mentioned in the text as having a particular turn towards ancient Greece and Rome?
Benito Mussolini's Italy and Adolf Hitler's Germany
According to the text, what motivated the twin turn towards antiquity in fascist regimes?
Certain commonalities in national experience
What does the author argue about the historic rootedness of the twin turn towards antiquity in fascist regimes?
It can be better appreciated in a complex nexus of political and social causes
Which term describes the temporal worldview of Mussolini's regime?
Historic present
What is the main focus of the new interest in 'chronopolitics'?
The historical conceptualization of time and temporality
How are Nazism and Fascism portrayed in terms of constructing temporalities?
Constructing 'hybrid' temporalities
What does recent research on chronopolitics highlight as important?
Taking the temporal dimension of each fascism's unique vision of its revolutionary mission seriously
Which Roman figure did Mussolini idolize and consider the greatest of all men who have ever lived?
Julius Caesar
Which Roman figure's ascension and transformation into Augustus Caesar seemed to provide a more fitting model for Mussolini's own ambitions?
Octavian
In Mussolini's propaganda images, how was he portrayed in comparison to being merely human?
More statuesque and godlike
What did Mussolini do to showcase ancient Roman monuments and efface the remnants of the 'backward' past in Rome?
All of the above
According to the text, which two fascist regimes are discussed in relation to their seduction by antique myths?
Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany
What is the main argument put forward in the text regarding the classicizing tendencies of fascist regimes?
They can be better understood by considering their historic rootedness in political and social causes
What is the author's intention in discussing the similarities between the classicizing phenomena in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany?
To suggest that identification with ancient Greece and Rome helped create and strengthen national identities
What does the author suggest about the significance of romanità and Nazi Hellenophile classicism in the national cultures of Italy and Germany?
They have deep roots beyond the twentieth century and their respective unifications
Which of the following statements about the relationship between Italian Fascism and the ancient Roman past is most accurate?
The 'myth of Rome' helped Mussolini consolidate Fascist power.
What is one way in which Mussolini glorified ancient Rome?
All of the above.
Why did both Italian Fascism and Nazism find classical models attractive?
All of the above.
What did the fascist politics of time in both Italy and Germany reflect?
All of the above.
During the Fascist accession to power, there was a significant increase in Latin-language literature. Which of the following best describes the range of this literature?
It included a variety of genres, such as lyric odes, prose orations, and epics.
What were some of the officially promoted efforts to promote Latinitas during the Fascist accession to power?
The Codex Fori Mussolini and the Fascist teacher association anif's 'Concorso Dux' competition.
What were some of the unforced efforts of individual schoolteachers to promote Latinitas during the Fascist accession to power?
Epics on Italy's martial exploits in Africa and Latin inscriptions on monuments.
According to David Frum, what does he caution against when it comes to conservatives celebrating the 1950s?
Embracing nostalgia
According to David Frum, what were the conditions in the 1950s a product of?
War
According to David Frum, what were some of the characteristics of the 1950s?
Ability for a man with only a high-school diploma to support a wife and family
According to the text, what was a key factor in the political consensus of the postwar era in the United States?
The sense of common endeavor shared by GIs who had served in World War II
According to the text, what were some of the government policies in the 1950s that most conservatives reject?
Closed shop labor union agreements
According to the text, what does Mr. Frum argue triggered a revolution in the 1960s?
The changes in sexual attitudes
According to the text, what does Mr. Frum suggest about human nature?
Human nature changes all the time
Which political party in Turkey built their rhetoric on Ottoman nostalgia?
Justice and Development Party
What is the meaning of the word 'nostalgia' as defined in the text?
A combination of nostos and algia
What is the purpose of using nostalgia by populist leaders, as mentioned in the text?
To rally supporters
What is the impact of Ottoman nostalgia on populist attitudes in Turkey?
It has a significant positive impact which disappears after controlling for party preference
What is the relationship between nostalgia and populism, according to the survey conducted in Turkey?
Nostalgia has a significant positive relationship with populism
What is the main purpose of nostalgia in populism?
To generate an enemy image or an antagonistic 'us versus them' identity
How does nostalgia for a liberal past impact support for democracy?
It increases support for democracy
Which of the following slogans is NOT mentioned in the text as an example of populist nostalgia?
El Libertador
What is the meaning of the term 'nostalgia' as defined in the text?
A longing for the past
Which political party in Turkey is mentioned in the text as building their rhetoric on Ottoman nostalgia?
Justice and Development Party
What is the impact of Ottoman nostalgia on populist attitudes in Turkey?
It has a barely significant positive impact that disappears after controlling for party preference
What is one way in which nostalgia can be used to increase support for democracy, according to the text?
By promoting a liberal past
What is the main role of nostalgia in populism, according to the text?
To generate intergroup cleavage
What is the author's suggestion regarding politics and nostalgia, according to the text?
To focus on the future rather than the past
Study Notes
Putin and Russia
- Putin worked for President Yeltsin's Kremlin in the 1990s and witnessed Russia's weakness.
- In 1998, when the US considered air strikes in Serbia, Yeltsin was furious, and Putin shared his outrage.
- In an article in Nezavisimaya Gazeta in 1999, Putin wrote about restoring Russia's 'first-tier' status.
- History played a significant role in Putin's efforts to restore Russia's status, contributing to a narrative of Russian glory.
Fascism and Ancient Greece/Rome
- Fascist regimes, such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, had a particular interest in ancient Greece and Rome.
- Mussolini idolized Julius Caesar and considered him the greatest of all men who have ever lived.
- Mussolini's propaganda images portrayed him as divine or superhuman, showcasing ancient Roman monuments and erasing the 'backward' past in Rome.
- The fascist politics of time in both Italy and Germany reflected a desire to return to a glorious past.
Latinitas and Fascist Italy
- During the Fascist accession to power, there was a significant increase in Latin-language literature.
- Officially promoted efforts to promote Latinitas included Latin-language literature and schoolteachers' unforced efforts.
David Frum and the 1950s
- David Frum cautions against conservatives celebrating the 1950s, which were a product of unique historical conditions.
- The 1950s were characterized by a post-war economic boom, a cold war with the Soviet Union, and a political consensus.
- Frum argues that government policies in the 1950s, such as high taxes and regulation, are rejected by most conservatives.
Nostalgia and Populism
- The word "nostalgia" refers to a sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past.
- Populist leaders use nostalgia to create a sense of lost greatness and promise to restore it.
- In Turkey, Ottoman nostalgia has an impact on populist attitudes, and nostalgia is used to increase support for populist leaders.
- Nostalgia for a liberal past can impact support for democracy.
Test your knowledge of Vladimir Putin's early years and his efforts to restore Russia's global significance after the Cold War. Explore the influences of his time as a KGB officer and the strategies implemented during his early administration.
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