Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors contributed to the emergence of the Ottoman Principality in Western Asia Minor?
Which of the following factors contributed to the emergence of the Ottoman Principality in Western Asia Minor?
- The decline of the Byzantine Empire
- The destruction of the Anatolian Seljukid State by the Mongolians
- The rise of numerous Turkish-Islamic principalities in Anatolia
- All of the above (correct)
The Ottomans exclusively identified themselves as an Asian power.
The Ottomans exclusively identified themselves as an Asian power.
False (B)
What strategic city did Sultan Mehmed II conquer in 1453, marking a pivotal moment in Ottoman history?
What strategic city did Sultan Mehmed II conquer in 1453, marking a pivotal moment in Ottoman history?
Constantinople
Suleyman the Magnificent expanded the Ottoman Empire by adding Iraq and Central ______ to his domain.
Suleyman the Magnificent expanded the Ottoman Empire by adding Iraq and Central ______ to his domain.
Match the following Ottoman rulers with their key achievements:
Match the following Ottoman rulers with their key achievements:
Which battle marked the end of Ottoman expansion for a decade due to the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I?
Which battle marked the end of Ottoman expansion for a decade due to the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I?
The Ottomans successfully captured Vienna in 1529 under Suleyman I.
The Ottomans successfully captured Vienna in 1529 under Suleyman I.
Which European power allied with the Ottomans during the reign of Suleyman I, against the Austrians?
Which European power allied with the Ottomans during the reign of Suleyman I, against the Austrians?
The Treaty of ________ in 1699 resulted in the recapture of most of historic Hungary from the Ottomans by a European coalition.
The Treaty of ________ in 1699 resulted in the recapture of most of historic Hungary from the Ottomans by a European coalition.
Match the following locations with the Ottoman ruler who conquered them:
Match the following locations with the Ottoman ruler who conquered them:
Which of the following best describes the religious composition of the Ottoman Empire's Balkan provinces?
Which of the following best describes the religious composition of the Ottoman Empire's Balkan provinces?
The Ottoman Empire consisted solely of territories in Europe and Asia.
The Ottoman Empire consisted solely of territories in Europe and Asia.
What was the primary concern of the Ottomans on the western front in relation to the Habsburgs?
What was the primary concern of the Ottomans on the western front in relation to the Habsburgs?
In 1352, the Ottomans established their first ________ in the Balkans, on the European shores of Dardanelles.
In 1352, the Ottomans established their first ________ in the Balkans, on the European shores of Dardanelles.
Match the seas and lands with the Ottoman Sultan who declared himself lord of them:
Match the seas and lands with the Ottoman Sultan who declared himself lord of them:
Which city did Murad I conquer and transform into the new capital of the Ottoman Empire?
Which city did Murad I conquer and transform into the new capital of the Ottoman Empire?
The Ottomans always hesitated to benefit from rivalries among European powers.
The Ottomans always hesitated to benefit from rivalries among European powers.
Which dynasty did Selim I defeat to incorporate Egypt and Syria into the Ottoman Empire?
Which dynasty did Selim I defeat to incorporate Egypt and Syria into the Ottoman Empire?
The Ottoman Empire's greatest territorial extent included lands from Hungary in the north to ________ in the south.
The Ottoman Empire's greatest territorial extent included lands from Hungary in the north to ________ in the south.
Match the following regions with their modern-day equivalent:
Match the following regions with their modern-day equivalent:
Flashcards
Who were the Ottomans?
Who were the Ottomans?
The dynasty that emerged in Western Asia Minor and built a large, multi-ethnic empire.
When did Ottomans enter Balkans?
When did Ottomans enter Balkans?
The year the Ottomans established their first foothold in the Balkans.
Who was Murad I?
Who was Murad I?
Sultan who tripled Ottoman territories and conquered Adrianople.
What happened in 1402?
What happened in 1402?
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When did Ottomans conquer Constantinople?
When did Ottomans conquer Constantinople?
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Who was Selim I?
Who was Selim I?
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What's the significance of Vienna?
What's the significance of Vienna?
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What did Ottomans capture in Cyprus?
What did Ottomans capture in Cyprus?
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When capture Tunisia occurred?
When capture Tunisia occurred?
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Treaty of Karlowitz
Treaty of Karlowitz
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Study Notes
- The Ottomans, named after Osman, the founder of the Ottoman imperial Dynasty, arose in Western Asia Minor in the last decades of the 13th century.
- They emerged as one of many Turcoman Principalities after the destruction of the Anatolian Seljukid State by the Mongolians in 1243.
- Osman's successors created one of the greatest and longest-lasting multi-ethnic, cultural, and multi-religious empires in history.
- In the 13th century, numerous Turkish-Islamic principalities governed Anatolia as the Byzantine Empire declined from Constantinople.
- Southern Slavic people, such as Serbians and Bulgarians, were the primary political forces in the Balkans, so the Ottomans fought them to establish themselves in both Europe and the Near East.
- In 1352, the Ottomans established their first Balkan bridgehead on the European shores of the Dardanelles.
- Murad I, who ruled from 1362 to 1389, more than tripled the territories in Anatolia and the Balkans through military conquests and diplomacy.
- Murad I conquered Adrianople (modern Edirne) in 1369 and made it the new capital.
- The Ottomans saw themselves as both an Asian and European power.
- Sultan Bayezid I (1389-1402) expanded the Ottoman Empire on both continents, to the Danube in the Balkans and the Euphrates in Mesopotamia.
- The Ottomans defeated the Serbians in the First Battle of Kosovo in 1389.
- The victory of Mongol conqueror Timurlenk (Tamarlane) over Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 halted Ottoman expansion for a decade.
- Çelebi Mehmed, one of Bayezid I's sons, won a rivalry and re-established authority.
- The Ottomans subjugated the Candarlids and Karamanlis in Anatolia during Murad II's reign, in addition to the small principalities in Western Anatolia.
- Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1430.
- European attempts to halt Ottoman expansion failed several times, in 1396, 1443-44, and 1448.
- The Ottoman victories at the Battle of Varna in 1444 and the Second Battle of Kosovo were pivotal in determining the fate of the Balkans and Byzantium.
- Sultan Mehmed II (1444-6, 1451-81) conquered Constantinople, the capital of the thousand-year-old Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) in 1453.
- Mehmed II declared himself Caesar, heir to Byzantine emperors, and lord of "two lands" (the Balkans and Anatolia) and "two seas" (the Black Sea and the Aegean), proclaiming a new empire firmly rooted in both Europe and Asia.
- Sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria in 1516-17, incorporating their territories.
- The Ottoman sultans became the protectors of the holy lands in Hijaz, Mecca, and Medina, and the most prestigious caliphs in the Islamic world.
- Suleyman I, also known as Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-66), expanded his empire by adding Iraq and Central Hungary.
- In 1529, Vienna, the capital of the Austrian Habsburg Empire, was unsuccessfully besieged by Suleyman I.
- The Iranian Safavids were the most powerful state the Ottomans faced on the eastern front.
- The Ottomans' primary concern on the western front was maintaining dominance in Hungary against the Habsburgs.
- The Ottomans benefited from the Habsburg-French rivalry in continental Europe.
- During Suleyman I's reign, the Ottomans developed good relations with France and formed an alliance with the French king against the Austrians.
- During Selim II's reign, the Ottomans seized Cyprus from the Venetians which was critical to making the Ottomans the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
- The capture of Tunisia in 1574 was another important conquest.
- The Ottoman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent following further conquests in Hungary (1660-1664), Crete (1669), and the Polish province of Podolia in modern-day Ukraine (1672).
- The Ottomans ruled nearly 3.8 million square kilometers of territory from Hungary in the north to Yemen in the south, and from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east.
- The Second Ottoman Siege of Vienna in 1683, led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustapha Pasha, caused a major rescue operation by European Christian states, and by 1699, an international coalition of the Habsburg Empire, Poland, Lithuania, Venice, the Papacy, and Russia recaptured most of historic Hungary (Treaty of Karlowitz, 1699).
- However, the Ottomans continued to rule the majority of the Balkans and the Near Eastern lands until the late 19th century.
- In the late eighteenth century, before the upheavals caused by the French Revolution, the Ottoman Empire roughly consisted of the Balkans (former Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, and large parts of Romania), all islands in the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas, Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), and most of the Arab world (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria).
- The majority of the population in the Asiatic provinces of the empire was Muslim (mainly Turks, Arabs, and Kurds), with significant Christian and Jewish minorities.
- The Balkans had a Christian majority (Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Montenegrins, Vlahs) with significant Muslim minorities (Bosnians, most Albanians, Turks, and Pomaks, who are Muslim Bulgarians).
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