The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
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Questions and Answers

What was the Civil Code of 1804 established by Napoleon primarily known as?

Napoleonic Code

What did Napoleon introduce in regions under French control to simplify administrative divisions and abolish the feudal system?

  • Peasant revolts
  • New taxes
  • Guild restrictions
  • Napoleonic Code (correct)

    • The French armies were always welcomed as liberators by the local populations in the areas they conquered.

    False

    According to Frédéric Sorrieu's print (Fig. 1), how does he visualise a world made up of democratic and social Republics?

    <p>The print shows peoples from Europe and America marching in a long train, offering homage to the Statue of Liberty, symbolizing a world of democratic and social Republics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the flag carried by the German peoples in Sorrieu's print (Fig. 1) a representation of?

    <p>Unity and democratic hopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ernst Renan, a nation is the culmination of a long past of ________, sacrifice, and devotion.

    <p>endeavors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ernst Renan's view, a nation is solely formed by a common language, race, religion, or territory. (True/False)

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Absolutist = A government or system of rule with no restraints on the power exercised Utopian = A vision of an ideal society unlikely to actually exist Plebiscite = A direct vote by all the people of a region to accept or reject a proposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge?

    <p>Nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerged due to the ties binding diverse groups together, common allegiance to the emperor, and the growth of industrialization and trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Liberal Nationalism stand for?

    <p>Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the individual, equality before the law, government by consent, and the inviolability of private property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the political ends that List hopes to achieve through economic measures.

    <p>List hopes to achieve national sentiment, economic development, and political unification through economic measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the caricaturist trying to depict?

    <p>The caricaturist is trying to depict criticisms and challenges towards autocratic governments during the conservative regimes set up in 1815.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inspired liberal-nationalists in Europe following the French Revolution?

    <p>Freedom of the press</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded the secret society of Young Europe in Berne?

    <p>Giuseppe Mazzini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language played a crucial role in developing nationalist sentiments in Poland.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Grimm Brothers collected and published popular ____________.

    <p>folktales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their significance: Romanticism - ___ Folklore collection - ___

    <p>Romanticism = Emphasized emotions, intuition, and mystical feelings Folklore collection = Aimed to popularize the true spirit of the nation and contribute to nation-building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the cause of the Silesian weavers’ uprising.

    <p>The Silesian weavers' uprising was caused by contractors reducing the prices of goods they ordered, leading to extreme misery and desperate need for jobs among the workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist regarding the Silesian weavers' uprising.

    <p>The journalist described extreme misery and desperation among the weavers, highlighting how contractors took advantage of the workers' need for jobs by reducing prices of goods ordered, leading to the uprising.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare the positions on women's rights voiced by Carl Welcker, Louise Otto-Peters, and the anonymous reader.

    <p>Carl Welcker expressed the belief in distinct gender roles with men as protectors and women as homemakers. Louise Otto-Peters advocated for women's rights and equality, emphasizing that liberty is indivisible. The anonymous reader criticized the denial of political rights to women despite their contributions and property ownership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the positions on women's rights by the three writers reveal about liberal ideology?

    <p>The positions reveal a range of views within liberal ideology, from traditional gender roles to advocating for women's rights and equality. It shows a conflict between the acceptance of gender disparities and the push for equal rights within liberal circles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model is argued to be exemplified by Great Britain?

    <p>nation or the nation-state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What identities did people in the British Isles have prior to the eighteenth century?

    <p>English, Welsh, Scot, Irish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Britain's formation of a nation-state was the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Britain, the Act of Union in 1707 resulted in the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great ________.'

    <p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occurred in Central and Eastern Europe after 1848 in relation to serfdom and bonded labor?

    <p>Serfdom and bonded labor were abolished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the chief minister of Prussia involved in the process of German unification?

    <p>Otto von Bismarck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Otto von Bismarck was a key figure in the unification of Italy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united _____.

    <p>Italy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the regions with their role in the unification of Italy:

    <p>South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies = Won by Giuseppe Garibaldi and armed volunteers Sardinia-Piedmont = Ruled by Victor Emmanuel II and involved in a tactful diplomatic alliance with France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attribute of Veit's Germania is symbolized by the broken chains?

    <p>Being freed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the painting 'The fallen Germania' by Julius Hübner, what do you see?

    <p>Answer varies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical events could Julius Hübner be referring to in the painting 'The fallen Germania'?

    <p>Answer varies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the inscription on Germania's sword in Lorenz Clasen's painting proclaim?

    <p>The German sword defends the German Rhine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did nationalism evolve in Europe by the last quarter of the 19th century?

    <p>Became a narrow creed with limited ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic homogeneity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spread of ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans led to __________.

    <p>intense conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to a series of wars in the Balkans and eventually to the First World War?

    <p>Big power rivalry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did British imperialism symbolize in the 19th century as depicted in the map celebrating the British Empire?

    <p>Domination over the globe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

    • The French artist Frédéric Sorrieu created a series of prints in 1848, visualizing his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics.
    • The first print, "The Pact Between Nations", shows people of Europe and America marching together, offering homage to the statue of Liberty, and symbolizing the unity of nations.
    • In this utopian vision, people are grouped as distinct nations, identified by their flags and national costumes, and led by the United States and Switzerland, which were already nation-states.

    The Concept of a Nation

    • According to Ernst Renan, a nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifices, and devotion, and is based on a shared history, common glories, and a common will.
    • A nation is a large-scale solidarity, and its existence is a daily plebiscite, where people decide to live together and share a common identity.
    • Renan emphasizes that nations are important because they guarantee liberty and provide a sense of community and belonging.

    Nationalism in France

    • The French Revolution in 1789 introduced the concept of nationalism, where the people, rather than the monarch, constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
    • The revolutionaries introduced measures to create a sense of collective identity, such as the concept of "la patrie" (the fatherland) and "le citoyen" (the citizen), emphasizing equal rights under a constitution.
    • A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen, and a centralised administrative system was established, with uniform laws, weights, and measures.

    Spread of Nationalism in Europe

    • The French Revolution inspired similar movements in other European cities, with students and educated middle classes setting up Jacobin clubs.
    • The French armies carried the idea of nationalism abroad, spreading it to Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy in the 1790s.
    • Napoleon's conquests and reforms introduced revolutionary principles, making administrative systems more rational and efficient, and promoting equality and liberty.

    Reactions to French Rule

    • The reactions of local populations to French rule were mixed, with initial enthusiasm giving way to hostility as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not bring political freedom.
    • In some areas, such as Holland and Switzerland, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty, but this initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility.### The Making of Nationalism in Europe
    • In the mid-18th century, Europe was not divided into nation-states as we know them today.
    • Territories were divided into kingdoms, duchies, and cantons, with autonomous rulers and diverse populations.
    • Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies, with diverse populations and languages.

    Key Dates

    • 1797: Napoleon invades Italy, and the Napoleonic wars begin.
    • 1814-1815: Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
    • 1821: Greek struggle for independence begins.
    • 1848: Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrial workers, and peasants revolt against economic hardships.
    • 1859-1870: Unification of Italy.
    • 1866-1871: Unification of Germany.
    • 1905: Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.

    Aristocracy and the New Middle Class

    • The landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent, united by a common way of life and French language.
    • The majority of the population was made up of peasants, with small landholdings in Western Europe and vast estates in Eastern and Central Europe.
    • The growth of industrial production and trade led to the emergence of commercial classes and a working-class population.

    Liberal Nationalism

    • Ideas of national unity were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism, which stood for freedom, equality, and government by consent.
    • Liberalism emphasized the abolition of aristocratic privileges, a constitution, and representative government.
    • It also stressed the inviolability of private property, but did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.
    • Women and non-propertied men organized opposition movements demanding equal political rights.

    Economic Nationalism

    • The emerging middle classes demanded the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on trade.
    • In the German-speaking regions, the creation of a unified economic territory allowed for the unhindered movement of goods, people, and capital.
    • Friedrich List, a German economist, advocated for a customs union (zollverein) to bind the Germans economically into a nation.

    A New Conservatism

    • Following the defeat of Napoleon, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism, which sought to preserve traditional institutions and social hierarchies.
    • The Vienna Congress of 1815 aimed to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe.
    • Conservative regimes imposed censorship laws to control freedom of speech and expression.

    The Revolutionaries

    • Liberal-nationalists, who criticized the new conservative order, fought for liberty, freedom, and the creation of nation-states.
    • Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
    • Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary, believed in the creation of a unified Italian republic within a wider alliance of nations.### The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
    • Conservative regimes tried to consolidate power, but liberalism and nationalism led to revolutions in many European regions, including Italian and German states, Ottoman Empire, Ireland, and Poland.
    • Revolutions were led by liberal-nationalists from the educated middle-class elite, including professors, schoolteachers, clerks, and commercial middle-class members.
    • The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830, leading to the overthrow of the Bourbon kings and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe.
    • The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels, leading to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
    • The Greek war of independence (1821) mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe.
    • Nationalists in Greece received support from other Greeks living in exile and West Europeans who sympathized with ancient Greek culture.
    • The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognized Greece as an independent nation.

    The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

    • Nationalism did not only develop through wars and territorial expansion, but also through culture, art, and poetry that helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
    • Romanticism, a cultural movement, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment, criticizing the glorification of reason and science and focusing on emotions, intuition, and mystical feelings.
    • Romantics, such as Johann Gottfried Herder, claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people (das volk) through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances.
    • Collecting and recording folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building, emphasizing vernacular language and carrying the modern nationalist message to large audiences.
    • The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe, with an enormous increase in population and unemployment.
    • Small producers struggled with stiff competition from cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialization was more advanced.
    • Food prices rose, leading to widespread pauperism in towns and countries, especially in regions where the aristocracy still held power.
    • Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations, leading to widespread unrest.
    • The year 1848 saw food shortages, unemployment, and the rise of a barricade in Paris, forcing Louis Philippe to flee.

    The Revolution of the Liberals

    • Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed, and starving peasants and workers, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway.
    • Events of February 1848 in France led to the abdication of the monarch and the proclamation of a republic based on universal male suffrage.
    • In other parts of Europe, men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification, taking advantage of growing popular unrest.
    • The Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, drafting a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.

    Women's Rights and Liberalism

    • The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, despite women's active participation in politics.
    • Women formed their own political associations, founded newspapers, and took part in political meetings and demonstrations.
    • Writers like Carl Welcker and Louise Otto-Peters expressed differing views on women's rights, with Welcker believing nature designated men as protectors of the family, while Otto-Peters argued that liberty is indivisible and free men should not tolerate being surrounded by the unfree.

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    Explore the rise of nationalism in Europe through the works of Frédéric Sorrieu, focusing on democratic and social republics in the 19th century.

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