The Righteous Mind Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of 'affect' in the context of affective primacy?

  • A memory of a past emotion which makes us react the same way.
  • Brief feelings that prepare us to approach or avoid something. (correct)
  • A complex emotion that requires extensive cognitive processing.
  • A set of rational beliefs that influence decision-making.

Which of the following best describes Wilhelm Wundt's contribution to the understanding of affective primacy?

  • He established the 'mere exposure effect'.
  • He formulated that affective reactions happen instantly, upon noticing something. (correct)
  • He revived the idea that people are objective processors of information.
  • He developed advertising strategies based on affective reactions.

What was Robert Zajonc's primary criticism of the prevailing view of psychologists before his revival of affective primacy?

  • That people react differently to similar stimulus.
  • That people are rational processors who only react to objects after perceiving and categorizing objects. (correct)
  • That people act in the same way to different stimulus.
  • That people are primarily driven by emotional impulses rather than rational thought.

In Zajonc's experiments, what was the key finding regarding repeated exposure to stimuli such as Japanese pictograms?

<p>Repeated exposure led to people liking the stimuli more. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'mere exposure effect,' as described by Zajonc?

<p>The phenomenon where increased familiarity with a stimulus leads to increased liking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two processes in the 'dual-process' model that Zajonc urged psychologists to consider?

<p>Feeling and thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does affect have 'primacy' in the dual-process model?

<p>Because it occurs first and is linked to motivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can affective primacy be useful in advertising?

<p>By making people see something multiple times, the brain tags these familiar things as good. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of animal brains in determining behavior?

<p>To evaluate potential threats and benefits, and adjust behavior accordingly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the warnings from sages about self-righteousness?

<p>Individuals are prone to exaggerating their own virtues and downplaying faults. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral psychology, what does the author suggest about altering stories?

<p>Altering stories is more of an unconscious behavior to protect one's self-image. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author mean when they say, 'Elephants rule, although they are sometimes open to persuasion by riders'?

<p>Our intuitions (the elephant) primarily drive our behavior, but can be influenced by conscious thought (the rider). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between intuition and reasoning according to the text?

<p>Intuition comes first, followed by reasoning used to justify the initial intuition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is exemplified by both Jesus's teaching about 'the speck in your neighbor's eye' and Buddha's analogy of the gambler concealing dice?

<p>The human propensity to rationalize one’s own faults while exaggerating those of others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the author describe the speed and conviction with which they lied to their wife?

<p>Quickly and convincingly, to the point of mutual belief. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author claim to have realized after twenty years of studying moral psychology?

<p>That they also altered stories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ancient function of the insula, formerly known as the 'gustatory cortex', common to all mammals?

<p>Processing information from the nose and tongue to guide food choices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the 'electrode' called that can be used to control the elephant (affecting the moral compass of the individual)?

<p>Fart spray (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Alex Jordan's experiment at Stanford, what was the independent variable manipulated to influence moral judgments?

<p>The presence of a foul odor in the environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Jerry Clore's concept of 'affect as information' suggest about decision-making?

<p>People rely on their feelings as a primary source of information when forming opinions and making choices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the primary limitation of the 'thinking system' (the rider) in influencing behavior?

<p>It lacks the power to directly cause actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action, according to the content, can subtly influence moral judgments without explicitly triggering feelings of disgust?

<p>Washing your hands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the 'rider and elephant' analogy, what does the rider's behavior when the elephant leans left signify?

<p>The rider anticipates the elephant's movement and prepares to assist it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What controversial issues were used in the pedestrian intersection survey?

<p>Marriage between first cousins and a film studio releasing a controversial documentary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What other research example supported Alex's conclusion?

<p>Subjects completing questionnaires after drinking bitter versus sweet drinks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion drawn from the 'affective priming' experiment described in the passage?

<p>Affective reactions can influence subsequent value judgments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which explanation best describes 'affect as information'?

<p>The internal feeling determines the decision making process, when evaluating someone or something. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the affective priming experiment, why does it take longer to make a value judgment when 'hate' primes 'sunshine'?

<p>The initial negative prime conflicts with the subsequent positive stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Zajonc, what is the relationship between thinking and feeling in everyday life?

<p>Feeling can significantly influence and limit the scope of thinking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How quickly does the 'flash' of affect kick in, according to the passage?

<p>Within 200 milliseconds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 'affective priming' experiment, what happens if a second word with the same valence is seen within the brief window of time?

<p>Response time is extra quick. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the 'flash' of affect last for, assuming there is no other external influence?

<p>About one second. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study described, which type of moral judgment is more likely to be driven by gut feelings?

<p>Deontological judgments emphasizing adherence to moral principles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Greene's study, what was the key difference between stories involving 'personal harm' and 'impersonal harm'?

<p>Personal harm stories were designed to evoke a strong negative emotional response, unlike impersonal harm stories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What methodology did Greene use to gather data on moral decision-making processes?

<p>He performed fMRI scans of subjects' brains as they responded to moral dilemmas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Greene's findings, which brain regions showed greater activity when people considered scenarios involving personal harm?

<p>Regions associated with emotional processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of Greene's study on moral decision-making?

<p>To investigate the neural and psychological underpinnings of moral intuitions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implications can you infer from this study regarding moral philosophy?

<p>Moral judgments may be influenced by automatic emotional responses rather than pure reason, challenging purely rationalist moral theories. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the fMRI scanner in Greene's experiment?

<p>It allowed Greene to observe the subjects' real-time brain activity during moral decision-making. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible critique of a study such as Greene's?

<p>Responses in an fMRI scanner during fabricated scenarios may not reflect real-world actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study described, what was the primary manipulation used to influence participants' moral judgments?

<p>Embedding code words designed to elicit a flash of negativity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the unexpected finding concerning the story about student council president Dan?

<p>Subjects who read the story with the code word were more likely to condemn Dan's morally neutral actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study used a story about a congressman to investigate which concept?

<p>How gut feelings influence the moral condemnation of individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What explanation did subjects give when condemning Dan's morally neutral actions?

<p>Subjects fabricated reasons to justify their feelings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the provided text, what does the phrase 'intuitions come first' imply?

<p>Our initial emotional response precedes and influences our rational analysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The author's realization about his reaction to his wife’s criticism illustrates which key point from the described research?

<p>Even researchers are susceptible to the influence of gut feelings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of varying 'takes bribes' and 'often bribed' in the story about the congressman?

<p>To create slightly different emotional responses without altering factual information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the study's findings, how might public figures attempt to manipulate moral judgments?

<p>Employing language that evokes strong negative emotions, regardless of factual accuracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Intuitionist Model

A theory suggesting moral judgments are primarily based on intuitions, not reasoning.

Moral Judgments

Evaluations of actions as right or wrong based on personal or societal standards.

Flash of Negativity

An immediate negative emotional response that influences judgment.

Gut Feelings

Instinctive emotional responses that influence decision-making.

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Justification of Judgments

The process of creating reasons to support pre-existing feelings or beliefs.

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Example of Dan’s Story

A story illustrating the limits of intuition in moral judgments.

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Psychological Fabrication

The tendency to create reasons or beliefs based on emotional responses rather than facts.

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Disgust in Moral Judgment

The role of disgust in severity of moral evaluations.

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Strategic Reasoning

Post hoc reasoning used to justify actions for social purposes.

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Self-Righteousness

The belief that one is morally superior to others.

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Automatic Self-Righteousness

An unconscious tendency to view oneself as morally justified.

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Instant Brain Evaluations

The brain's immediate assessment of threats or benefits.

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Approach or Avoid

The fundamental brain response to stimuli, driving behavior.

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Moral Psychology

The study of how people think about morality and moral behavior.

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Fault Recognition

The ability to identify faults in oneself and others.

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Affective Primacy

The doctrine that affective reactions occur before cognitive evaluations in perception.

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Affect

Brief flashes of positive or negative feelings that influence our behavior.

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Wilhelm Wundt

The founder of experimental psychology who introduced the concept of affective primacy.

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Robert Zajonc

A psychologist who revived the theory of affective primacy in the 1980s and introduced the mere exposure effect.

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Mere Exposure Effect

The phenomenon where repeated exposure to an object increases our liking for it.

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Dual-Process Model

A theory positing that affect (feeling) is the first process followed by cognitive (thinking) processes.

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Cognitive Evaluation

The later process that involves reasoning and understanding after affective responses.

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Primacy of Feeling

The idea that emotional responses are quicker and more powerful than cognitive processing.

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Insula Function

Part of the brain involved in processing taste and moral judgments.

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Disgust Influence

Disgust can intensify moral judgments towards people and actions.

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Affect as Information

Using emotions to inform our opinions and judgments.

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Environmental Influence

Surroundings can affect moral decisions, e.g., odors or tastes.

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Moral Decision-Making

The process of evaluating actions based on emotional responses.

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Electrode Analogy

Comparing a brain electrode to a source influencing discomfort levels.

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Taste and People

The brain's taste area also helps choose relationships and judgments.

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Bitter vs Sweet Impact

The type of drink can alter moral judgment severity, influencing views.

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Greene's Hunch

A theory suggesting that gut feelings drive deontological judgments.

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Personal Harm Stories

Narratives depicting direct harm to individuals for moral dilemmas.

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Impersonal Harm Stories

Narratives where harm is done to save more lives impersonally.

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Emotional Processing Regions

Brain areas that activate during emotional reactions to moral judgments.

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fMRI Study

A study using brain scans to observe moral decision-making.

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Negative Affective Flash

An immediate, intense emotional reaction affecting judgment.

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Moral Judgment Prediction

The idea that emotional reactions predict moral decisions made.

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Dilemma Comparison

The contrast between personal and impersonal moral dilemmas.

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Rider and Elephant

A metaphor for the relationship between thinking and emotions, where the rider (thinking) cannot control the elephant (feelings).

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Affective Reactions

Immediate emotional responses that influence subsequent thinking and decision-making.

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Affective Priming

A phenomenon where a stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus based on emotional associations.

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Speed of Affect

The quickness of emotional responses that can overshadow slower rational thought.

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Social Judgment Intuition

The tendency to make intuitive decisions about social and political matters based on gut feelings.

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Priming Effect Duration

The effect of a primed emotional response lasts up to a second unless interrupted by new information.

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Evaluation Response Time

The time it takes to respond to a value judgment influenced by affective priming.

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Emotional Leaning

The tendency for initial emotional responses to influence later judgments and decisions.

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Study Notes

The Righteous Mind

  • The author discusses moral intuitions as coming first, followed by strategic reasoning
  • Intuitionism is presented as a possible answer to moral psychology questions
  • The author describes a personal experience of dishonesty
  • The author discusses the social intuitionist model
  • The first principle is that intuitions come first, strategic reasoning second
  • A study using hypnosis to demonstrate the model is detailed (subjects were given a word to associate with disgust, increasing their moral judgments)
  • The study showed that people were more likely to condemn a person when presented with a "disgust" word embedded in a story (even if no moral violation was present).
  • This points to a limitation in the power of intuition
  • The concept of "affective primacy", where affect reactions precede other thoughts, is introduced
  • This effect causes people to react to something intuitively before determining its source.
  • Example of how people use instant gut reactions or intuitions instead of facts or logic.
  • The "elephant and rider" metaphor is discussed, with the elephant representing intuitive feelings and the rider representing deliberate reasoning
  • Affective reactions are instant and automatic; they influence gut responses to various things.
  • Moral judgments aren't simply intellectual—they involve strong emotions and intuitive reactions.
  • Moral or political judgments are greatly influenced by intuition.
  • Moral judgments occur rapidly and intuitively, relying on ingrained affective reactions, not simply intellectual analysis.
  • An intuitive response is often made before the conscious mind has a chance to analyze the situation.
  • The author describes brain studies showing the roles of emotion and reason in moral judgments
  • People are more likely to agree with an attractive person.
  • People use gut feelings for making moral judgments, but this intuition can be manipulated.
  • Studies demonstrate that moral judgments involve instantaneous intuitive evaluation of situations.
  • The brain's automatic emotional reactions influence moral decisions.
  • Psychopathy is characterized by a lack of moral emotions but intact cognitive functions.
  • Psychopaths use reasoning but are devoid of moral emotions.

Babies Feel But Don't Reason

  • Babies are born with knowledge of physics and mechanics.
  • Babies are surprised by impossible events.
  • Infants show innate ability to make social judgments.
  • Infants prefer helpful puppets to harmful ones (preference for kindness demonstrated in infancy).

Affective Reactions Are In The Right Place

  • The author discusses research on brain-damaged patients, indicating that people who lost their emotional areas of the brain had problems with moral judgment.
  • The research demonstrates that moral areas of the brain are the proper places to look for morality foundations
  • Damasio's work on brain-damaged patients is mentioned in relation to emotions influencing moral judgment.
  • Moral judgments rely on emotional processing in the brain.

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