The Revolt of 1857: Causes and Effects

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

The Revolt of 1857 is also known as what?

  • The Independence War
  • The Great Uprising of 1857 (correct)
  • The Indian Revolution
  • The Sepoy Mutiny

What was the primary role of sepoys in the British army?

  • Engineers
  • Naval officers
  • Medical staff
  • Indian soldiers (correct)

Which economic practice by the British led to famines in India?

  • Investing in agriculture
  • Forcing cultivation of cash crops (correct)
  • Promoting food crops
  • Importing grains

What policy was used to annex Jhansi, leading to Rani Lakshmibai's revolt?

<p>Doctrine of lapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was refused recognition as the legal heir of Peshwa Baji Rao II by the British?

<p>Nana Sahib (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Begum Hazrat Mahal, who actively participated in the revolt, was also known as the Begum of what?

<p>Awadh (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social reform measure introduced by the British was opposed by conservative sections of Indian society?

<p>Banning child marriage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city was attacked by Nana Sahib in 1857?

<p>Kanpur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Policies such as the subsidiary alliance led to what among Indian rulers?

<p>Resentment and insecurity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British used cash crops from India to produce finished goods where?

<p>England (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a concern of the sepoys regarding overseas travel?

<p>Religious restrictions against crossing the sea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857?

<p>The greased cartridges for the Enfield rifle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was proclaimed as the leader and emperor of India by the rebelling soldiers in Delhi?

<p>Bahadur Shah (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the British recapture Delhi from the rebels?

<p>1857 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Bahadur Shah after the British recaptured Delhi?

<p>He was exiled to Burma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the Revolt of 1857, what change was made in the governance of India?

<p>The English East India Company was abolished and India came directly under the British Crown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What title was the governor-general of India given after 1857?

<p>Viceroy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups were recruited more heavily into the British army after the Revolt of 1857?

<p>Gurkhas, Sikhs, Pathans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was described by the British as the ‘bravest and best of the military leaders of the rebels’?

<p>Rani Lakshmibai (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which city is the Victoria Memorial located?

<p>Kolkata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British economic policies contribute to widespread poverty and unemployment in India?

<p>By forcing Indians to grow cash crops for British industries and selling finished goods at low prices in India. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following policies created resentment among Indian rulers by leading to annexation of their territories?

<p>The doctrine of lapse and the subsidiary alliance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British refusal to recognize Nana Sahib as the heir of Peshwa Baji Rao II contribute to the Revolt of 1857?

<p>It caused Nana Sahib to lead an attack on Kanpur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major point of contention for conservative sections of Indian society with regard to British social reforms?

<p>The belief that the British had no right to alter Indian social and religious customs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the introduction of cash crops by the British affect the food supply for Indians?

<p>It led to food shortages and famines as land was diverted from food production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Begum Hazrat Mahal play in the Revolt of 1857?

<p>She actively participated in the revolt due to her grievances with the British. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the British social reforms was most likely to cause concern among Indian families at the time?

<p>Laws that banned child marriage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the economic policies of the British affect local Indian industries?

<p>By ruining industries due to competition from cheaper, machine-made British goods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Rani Lakshmibai revolt against the British?

<p>Because the British annexed Jhansi under the doctrine of lapse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the Revolt of 1857 from earlier uprisings against the British?

<p>It spread widely and became a mass rebellion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of the sepoys regarding the Enfield rifle cartridges?

<p>The grease used on the cartridges potentially defiled their religious beliefs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the outcome of the Revolt of 1857 directly impact the Mughal dynasty?

<p>The revolt led to the complete end of the Mughal dynasty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the immediate aftermath of the Revolt of 1857 regarding the governance of India?

<p>Direct rule by the British Crown replaced the East India Company's administration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategic change did the British implement in the Indian army’s composition following the 1857 Revolt?

<p>Increased the proportion of British troops to Indian troops and recruited more from specific groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the British policy regarding social reform in India after the Revolt of 1857?

<p>Adopted a cautious approach, avoiding direct interference in social and religious customs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly hindered the success of the Revolt of 1857?

<p>The lack of unity and centralized leadership among the rebels, along with limited resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action by Mangal Pandey is considered to have 'sparked off' the 1857 Mutiny?

<p>Attacking a British officer after refusing to use the new cartridges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Tatya Tope play in the Revolt of 1857?

<p>He was a key military leader who supported Nana Sahib and Rani Lakshmibai. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes Rani Lakshmibai’s involvement in the Revolt of 1857?

<p>She joined forces with Tatya Tope and fought against the British after the annexation of Jhansi. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Queen Victoria Proclamation issued in 1858?

<p>Granting unconditional pardon to most rebels, except those directly involved in the murder of British officials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the East India Company's status following the Revolt of 1857?

<p>It was abolished, and India came under direct British Crown rule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the likely rationale behind the British increasing the proportion of British troops to Indian troops in the army after the Revolt of 1857?

<p>To diminish the risk of another large-scale rebellion by Indian sepoys. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides direct involvement in the murder of British Officials, which action would have been most likely to disqualify a rebel from receiving pardon under Queen Victoria’s 1858 proclamation?

<p>Assuming a leadership role in planning and executing attacks against British interests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the aftermath of the Revolt of 1857, what underlying apprehension most influenced the British decision to discontinue pursuing social reforms in India?

<p>The fear of igniting further resistance and destabilizing British authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why the Revolt of 1857 failed to achieve its objectives?

<p>Lack of unified goals and centralised leadership among the rebels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British economic policy of prioritizing cash crop production directly contribute to widespread famine in India?

<p>By neglecting the cultivation of food crops in favor of cash crops, leading to food shortages and increased vulnerability to drought and famine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately assesses the long-term impact of the Doctrine of Lapse and Subsidiary Alliance on the relationship between the British East India Company and Indian rulers?

<p>These policies led to the consolidation of British power by systematically annexing territories and undermining the sovereignty of Indian rulers, creating widespread resentment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British policies regarding social reforms inadvertently contribute to the growing unrest leading up to the Revolt of 1857?

<p>By instilling a sense of cultural and religious superiority among the British, leading to aggressive interference in long standing social customs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the British East India Company's post- Plassey economic exploitation of India most profoundly undermine the existing socio-economic structure?

<p>By systematically extracting wealth through heavy taxation, trade manipulation, and the destruction of local industries, leading to widespread poverty and unemployment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the convergence of political, economic, and socio-religious grievances that catalyzed the widespread participation in the Revolt of 1857?

<p>A culmination of simmering resentment towards British policies, uniting disparate groups under a common banner of resistance against foreign rule and cultural interference. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Great Uprising of 1857 primarily occurred in southern India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Revolt of 1857 started with the sepoys in Bengal.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the economic causes of the revolt was the British forcing farmers to grow crops like tea and coffee.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British policies led to the ruin of India’s agriculture and industries.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The doctrine of lapse helped Indian rulers retain their territories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nana Sahib led the attack on Delhi during the 1857 revolt.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rani Lakshmibai was upset because the British annexed Nagpur.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Begum Hazrat Mahal is also known as the Begum of Delhi.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British legalized widow remarriage and abolished sati.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All sections of Indian society welcomed the British reforms to social customs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

William Carey believed foreign governments had the right to interfere with Indian religious customs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sepoys were the foundation of the British army in India.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sepoys were paid the same as British soldiers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crossing the Bay of Bengal was religiously forbidden for Hindu soldiers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Enfield rifle cartridges were rumored to be greased with animal fat.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The greased cartridges were the primary cause of the revolt.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The revolt began in Delhi.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bahadur Shah was declared the leader of India after the capture of Delhi.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British crushed the revolt within five years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The English East India Company continued to govern India after 1857.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Revolt of 1857 primarily took place in southern India between 1857 and 1858.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Revolt of 1857 began following discontent amongst the sepoys of the British army in Bengal.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

British policies promoted the production of food crops such as rice and wheat, thereby improving the financial conditions of Indian farmers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The subsidiary alliance and the doctrine of lapse increased the territories under Indian rulers, fostering harmony with the British.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nana Sahib's revolt was triggered by the British accepting him as the legal heir of Peshwa Baji Rao II and continuing his pension.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rani Lakshmibai's fury was sparked when the British annexed Nagpur, following Dalhousie's doctrine of lapse.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British strictly opposed widow remarriage, sati abolishment and the improvement of women's education, as it would violate the then existing laws.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conservative sections of Indian society agreed with the British government interfering in religious and social customs of India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The implementation of policies such as the abolition of Sati and promoting widow remarriage faced little to no resistance from any sections of Indian society.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

William Carey advocated for foreign governments to intervene and reform religious customs in India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Because the British valued Indian goods, industries in India were improved in ways that spurred innovations and development of new types of jobs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of the Enfield rifle cartridges, rumored to be greased with animal fat, directly led to the dismissal and imprisonment of 85 Indian soldiers in Meerut.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sepoys' awareness of their numerical superiority and combat capabilities, gained from fighting abroad, decreased their confidence to revolt against the British.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British victory in the 1857 Revolt led to the immediate expansion of the English East India Company's power and governance in India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the Revolt of 1857, the British maintained their active involvement in social reforms within India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nana Sahib received support from Tatya Tope after Kanpur was annexed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the revolt, sepoys were content with receiving much less payment compared to British soldiers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hindus willingly crossed the kala pani to support British efforts during the two Burmese wars of 1824 and 1852.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rebels were unified under a strong alternative vision led by Bahadur Shah to replace British rule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Queen Victoria exclusively pardoned rebels who were involved in the murder of British officials.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Revolt of 1857 was primarily confined to southern India, with minimal impact on northern regions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British encouraged Indian farmers to cultivate food crops to ensure food security during their rule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Doctrine of Paramountcy, not the Doctrine of Lapse, was the policy that led to the annexation of Jhansi, inciting Rani Lakshmibai's revolt.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British exclusively utilized revenue generated from Indian territories to fund infrastructure development projects that served the Indian population.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The East India Company's policies of non-interference in social customs were universally welcomed as a sign of respect for Indian traditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

William Carey believed that foreign governments had the authority to interfere in the religious customs of India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of the Lee-Enfield rifle, with its purportedly greased cartridges, was a gradual, long-term cause of the 1857 revolt due to its subtle impact on military logistics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the revolt, the British reduced the number of British troops in the Indian army to foster greater trust and cooperation with Indian soldiers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Revolt of 1857 saw widespread, unified support across all regions and social strata of India, presenting a completely cohesive front against British rule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bahadur Shah, after being captured by the British, was exiled to Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka), where he eventually passed away.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Revolt of 1857 took place in northern and ______ India.

<p>central</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Indian soldiers in the British army were called ______.

<p>sepoys</p> Signup and view all the answers

The act of forcing Indians to grow certain crops led to ______ in India.

<p>famines</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British used cash crops like cotton, jute and ______ for producing goods.

<p>indigo</p> Signup and view all the answers

The policies of subsidiary alliance and the doctrine of ______ caused resentment among Indian rulers.

<p>lapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] led the attack on Kanpur.

<p>Nana Sahib</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rani Lakshmibai was upset when the British annexed ______.

<p>Jhansi</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] was also known as Begum of Awadh.

<p>Begum Hazrat Mahal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British introduced measures for the legalisation of ______ remarriage.

<p>widow</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Revolt of 1857 is also referred to as the Great ______ of 1857.

<p>Uprising</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sepoys formed the ______ of the British army in India.

<p>backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hindus were forbidden by their religion to cross the seas, which they called ______.

<p>kala pani</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British called the new rifle in the army the ______ rifle.

<p>Enfield</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rumour spread that the grease on the cartridges was made of cow or ______ fat.

<p>pig</p> Signup and view all the answers

The soldiers who refused to accept the greased catridges were stationed in the town of ______.

<p>Meerut</p> Signup and view all the answers

After capturing Delhi, the Indian soldiers proclaimed ______ as their leader

<p>Bahadur Shah</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British recaptured Delhi in ______ 1857.

<p>September</p> Signup and view all the answers

After being captured, Bahadur Shah was exiled to ______.

<p>Burma</p> Signup and view all the answers

After 1857, India came directly under the British ______.

<p>Crown</p> Signup and view all the answers

The queen of Britain issued a proclamation in 1858, who's name was Queen ______.

<p>Victoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Revolt of 1857 is also known as the ______, reflecting its extensive impact.

<p>Great Uprising of 1857</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indian soldiers in the British army, known as ______, initiated the Revolt of 1857 in Bengal.

<p>sepoys</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British economic policies, such as forcing Indians to grow ______ instead of food crops, led to widespread discontent.

<p>cash crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

Policies like the ______ and the doctrine of lapse caused resentment among Indian rulers, contributing to the revolt.

<p>subsidiary alliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank], the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, was denied his pension by the British, leading him to participate in the revolt.

<p>Nana Sahib</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British annexation of Jhansi under ______'s policy of the doctrine of lapse infuriated Rani Lakshmibai, prompting her to join the uprising.

<p>Dalhousie</p> Signup and view all the answers

Begum Hazrat Mahal, also known as the ______, actively participated in the mutiny due to her discontent with the British.

<p>Begum of Awadh</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social reforms introduced by the British, such as the legalisation of ______, were viewed with suspicion by conservative sections of Indian society.

<p>widow remarriage</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British policies that ruined India’s agriculture and industries also resulted in mass ______ and poverty.

<p>unemployment</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British sold finished goods in India at a ______ price, undercutting local producers.

<p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rumour that the grease of the new cartridges was made of cow or pig fat directly led sepoys to ______ to use the cartridges.

<p>refuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the revolt of 1857, the British Crown replaced the English East India Company, and the governor-general then became known as the ______.

<p>viceroy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of the Enfield rifle, which required soldiers to bite off the end of greased cartridges, was the ______ cause of the revolt.

<p>immediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Indian soldiers resented being ordered to cross the Bay of Bengal during the Burmese wars because their religion forbade them from crossing the ______, which they called kala pani.

<p>seas</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Revolt of 1857 did not involve all sections of Indian society because many Indian rulers and zamindars, who had benefitted from British rule, ______ to join the rebellion.

<p>refused</p> Signup and view all the answers

After capturing Delhi, the Indian soldiers proclaimed ______ Shah, the Mughal emperor, as their leader and emperor of India.

<p>Bahadur</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the suppression of the Revolt, the British increased the number of British troops in the Indian army to ensure that there was one British soldier for every two ______.

<p>Indians</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sepoys who had fought in campaigns abroad gained the confidence to revolt against the British after realizing that they could fight as well as the British soldiers, and that they were in much ______ numbers.

<p>greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British captured Bahadur Shah and killed his sons, then exiled him to ______, where he later died.

<p>Burma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rani Lakshmibai joined forces with ______ Tope and together, they seized the fortress at Gwalior.

<p>Tatya</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British policies led to widespread ______ among many Indians, ultimately leading to uprisings against the British government.

<p>discontent</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Revolt of 1857 began with ______ in Bengal, who were soon joined by a mass rebellion against British rule.

<p>sepoys</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British imposed policies that forced Indians to cultivate ______ crops like cotton, jute, and indigo, which disrupted local agriculture and economies.

<p>cash</p> Signup and view all the answers

Policies such as the subsidiary ______ and the doctrine of lapse fostered resentment and insecurity among affected Indian rulers.

<p>alliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conservative segments of Indian society viewed British measures, such as the legalisation of widow remarriage and the abolition of sati, as an unwarranted ______ in their religious and social customs.

<p>interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

After 1857, the English East India Company was ______ as a governing body, marking a significant shift in the administration of India.

<p>abolished</p> Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of the ______ rifle, with its controversial greased cartridges, acted as the immediate catalyst for the revolt, igniting widespread discontent among the sepoys.

<p>Enfield</p> Signup and view all the answers

The belief that the British were deliberately using greased cartridges made of cow or pig fat to defile the religion of both Hindus and Muslims sparked outrage because Muslims are forbidden from eating ______ and Hindus consider cows as sacred.

<p>pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British decided to distance themselves from social reform in India after the Revolt, adopting a more conservative approach to governance by issuing a proclamation in 1858 by Queen ______.

<p>Victoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lack of a centralised leadership among the rebels, combined with their limited resources and outdated weaponry such as ______ hindered their ability to effectively challenge the British forces.

<p>swords and pikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate trigger for the Revolt of 1857?

<p>The greased cartridges for the Enfield rifle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was proclaimed the leader and emperor of India by the sepoys in Delhi?

<p>Bahadur Shah.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what city did the Indian soldiers first rebel against the greased cartridges?

<p>Meerut.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the new title given to the governor-general after India came directly under the British Crown?

<p>Viceroy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the company that was abolished as a governing body after 1857?

<p>The English East India Company.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the locations, besides Delhi and Meerut, where the revolt spread in North India.

<p>Kanpur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crossing which body of water was against the Hindu religion for the sepoys?

<p>Bay of Bengal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

After being captured, where was Bahadur Shah exiled?

<p>Burma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the British monarch when India came directly under the British Crown?

<p>Queen Victoria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What item was introduced by the British was one of the causes of the revolt?

<p>Enfield rifle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indian soldiers in the British army were called what?

<p>Sepoys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form did the Revolt of 1857 take on?

<p>Mass rebellion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the cash crops the British forced Indians to grow?

<p>Cotton, jute, or indigo</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the policy that caused resentment and insecurity among Indian rulers?

<p>Subsidiary alliance or doctrine of lapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was refused to be accepted as the legal heir of Peshwa Baji Rao II?

<p>Nana Sahib</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city did Nana Sahib attack in 1857?

<p>Kanpur</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which policy caused Rani Lakshmibai to be furious with the British?

<p>Doctrine of lapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Begum Hazrat Mahal also known as?

<p>Begum of Awadh</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one social reform introduced by the British.

<p>Legalisation of widow remarriage, the abolition of sati, improvement of women's education or laws that banned child marriage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common custom in India at that time that the British banned?

<p>Child marriage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the British economic policies contributed to the impoverishment of Indian farmers and artisans prior to the 1857 uprising.

<p>The British forced farmers to grow cash crops instead of food, leading to famines and economic hardship. British policies also ruined local industries, leading to mass unemployment and poverty as the British sold finished goods at lower prices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Doctrine of Lapse and the Subsidiary Alliance contribute to the political causes of the Revolt of 1857? Give one example of a ruler affected by these policies.

<p>The Doctrine of Lapse and Subsidiary Alliance led to the annexation of Indian states, causing resentment and insecurity among rulers. Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi was affected by the Doctrine of Lapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did social reforms introduced by the British, like the abolition of Sati, contribute to the tensions that led to the 1857 revolt?

<p>Many Indians viewed these reforms as unwanted interference in their religious and social customs, leading to widespread resentment and a fear that the British were trying to change their way of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides direct economic exploitation, in what other ways did British policies undermine the Indian economy, fostering resentment?

<p>By favoring British industries and creating trade policies designed to benefit Britain at the expense of local Indian producers. This created widespread unemployment and poverty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British refusal to recognize Nana Sahib as the heir to Peshwa Baji Rao II fuel the uprising?

<p>The British stopped Nana Sahib's pension, causing him to revolt as he would not be recognized as an heir. In 1857, he led the attack on Kanpur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the annexation of Awadh intensified anti-British sentiments, given Begum Hazrat Mahal's reaction.

<p>Begum Hazrat Mahal was upset with the British annexation, showing a public display of resistance against British rule, encouraging the revolt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the British emphasis on cash crops like cotton, jute, and indigo, instead of food crops led to widespread discontent among the Indian population.

<p>Focusing on cash crops led to the neglect of food production causing shortages, price increases, and famine, all causing hardship for the Indian population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the economic exploitation by the British on Indian industries and employment rates?

<p>The British policies ruined Indian industries, resulting in mass unemployment and poverty. Indians became dependent on the British for goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss how the British policies, though aimed at social reform, were perceived negatively by conservative sections of Indian society, leading to the revolt of 1857?

<p>Conservative sections felt the British had no right to interfere with their customs. This included widow remarriage legalisation, abolition of Sati, improvement of women's education, and the banning of child marriage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British land revenue system contribute to the economic hardships faced by Indian farmers during the pre-1857 period?

<p>The British imposed high land taxes that farmers struggled to pay, often leading to debt and land loss. This caused widespread economic distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the religious beliefs of Hindu soldiers contributed to the Sepoy Mutiny.

<p>Hindu soldiers were forbidden by their religion to cross the seas (kala pani). They resented being ordered to cross the Bay of Bengal, and they believed that the greased cartridges were a deliberate attempt to defile their religion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the immediate trigger that ignited the Revolt of 1857.

<p>The immediate cause was the introduction of the Enfield rifle with greased cartridges rumoured to be made of cow or pig fat, which offended both Hindu and Muslim sepoys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British reorganize their military structure in India following the Revolt of 1857, and what was the purpose of these changes?

<p>The British increased the number of British troops relative to Indian troops, recruited more Gurkhas, Sikhs, and Pathans, and put artillery entirely in British hands. The purpose was to prevent another large-scale rebellion by ensuring British dominance and control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors inhibited unified action and widespread participation in the Revolt of 1857 across different regions and social groups in India?

<p>Many Indian rulers and zamindars benefitted from British rule and refused to join the rebellion. Moreover, while northern India rebelled, other regions like Madras, Bombay, Bengal and West Punjab remained largely undisturbed, indicating a lack of widespread unity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the suppression of the Revolt of 1857 led to the end of the Mughal dynasty.

<p>The British captured Bahadur Shah, the Mughal emperor, after the revolt. His sons were killed, and he was exiled to Burma, effectively ending Mughal rule in India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the Revolt of 1857 contribute to the rise of Indian nationalism, despite its ultimate failure?

<p>The revolt served as a source of inspiration for future nationalists and is considered the First War of Indian Independence. It demonstrated the possibility of challenging British rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858, and how did it signify a change in British policy towards India after the Revolt of 1857?

<p>The proclamation granted unconditional pardon to all rebels except those directly responsible for the murder of British officials. It also signaled a shift away from social reform in India, indicating a more cautious approach to avoid antagonizing local populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the key grievances of the sepoys that led to the revolt, besides the issue of the greased cartridges?

<p>The sepoys were paid much less than British soldiers despite being equally hard-working. Their living conditions were also worse. This disparity, combined with the greased cartridges, fueled resentment and contributed to the revolt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did figures like Rani Lakshmibai and Tatya Tope play in the Revolt of 1857, and how were they viewed by both the rebels and the British?

<p>Rani Lakshmibai and Tatya Tope were key leaders of the revolt. Lakshmibai was described by the British as the 'bravest and best of the military leaders of the rebels'. They were both seen as symbols of resistance against British rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why a lack of centralized leadership contributed to the failure of the Revolt of 1857.

<p>The rebels did not agree on what they wanted to do after seizing power from the British and lacked a clear alternative to British rule. The Mughal emperor was too old and weak to provide effective leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the British economic policies, such as the forced cultivation of cash crops, contributed to the widespread discontent that led to the Revolt of 1857. Analyze the long-term effects of these policies on the Indian economy and its people.

<p>These policies led to the ruin of Indian industries, mass unemployment, poverty, and frequent famines. The shift from food crops to cash crops disrupted the agricultural system, making India dependent on British economic interests rather than its own needs. The sale of finished goods at a lower price in India impoverished local producers and widened the divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evaluate the impact of the Doctrine of Lapse and Subsidiary Alliance on Indian rulers and their territories. Provide specific examples of how these policies fueled resentment and contributed to the political causes of the Revolt of 1857.

<p>The Doctrine of Lapse and Subsidiary Alliance led to annexation of Indian states, causing resentment among rulers like Rani Lakshmibai (Jhansi) and Nana Sahib (Kanpur). These policies created a sense of insecurity and loss of sovereignty, which motivated them to actively participate in the Revolt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyze how social reforms enacted by the British, such as the abolition of Sati and the legalisation of widow remarriage, were perceived by conservative sections of Indian society. How did these perceptions contribute to the socio-religious causes of the Revolt of 1857?

<p>Conservative sections of Indian society viewed these reforms as an unwarranted interference in their religious and social customs. They believed that the British were trying to impose their values and undermine traditional Indian society. This perception led to widespread resentment and fear of cultural disruption, adding to the socio-religious causes of the revolt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Critically assess the role of Nana Sahib, Rani Lakshmibai and Begum Hazrat Mahal in the Revolt of 1857. In what ways did their personal grievances against the British influence their participation and leadership in the uprising?

<p>Nana Sahib’s grievance was the British refusal to grant him his inherited pension. Rani Lakshmibai opposed the annexation of Jhansi. Begum Hazrat Mahal was upset due to the British taking over Awadh. These personal grievances motivated them to actively lead and participate in the Revolt of 1857, turning local issues into larger resistance movements against British rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the introduction of cash crops by the British affect India's agricultural self-sufficiency and food security, leading to widespread famines and economic distress?

<p>The shift to cash crops like cotton and indigo in place of food crops reduced the availability of food, leading to widespread famines. This change disrupted traditional farming practices and made India dependent on the British for food supply, leading to economic distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the introduction of the Enfield rifle and its cartridges acted as a tipping point, igniting the widespread revolt of 1857.?

<p>The greased cartridges of the Enfield rifle, rumored to be coated with cow and pig fat, deeply offended the religious sentiments of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys, who were required to bite off the ends before loading. This perceived deliberate defilement of their religions led to widespread outrage and ultimately triggered the revolt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyse the strategic implications of Bahadur Shah's proclamation as the leader and emperor of India during the 1857 revolt?

<p>His proclamation served as a focal point, unifying diverse rebel factions under a symbolic figurehead. The proclamation aimed to galvanize widespread support by invoking the historical legacy of the Mughal Empire, but Bahadur Shah was too old and weak to take on the British.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assess the long-term consequences of the British decision to exclude Indians from artillery units following the revolt of 1857?

<p>It ensured British dominance over military power and suppressed any future large-scale uprisings. It perpetuated a racial hierarchy within the armed forces. This decision increased the reliance of the British on certain groups like the Gurkhas, Sikhs and Pathans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British policy shift after the revolt of 1857, specifically regarding interference in social reforms. What motivated this shift, and what were its implications for Indian society?

<p>After the revolt, the British decided to stay away from social reform to avoid antagonizing conservative elements in Indian society and prevent future uprisings. This shift meant a slowdown in progressive legislation, impacting social change and reform movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Critically evaluate the claim that the Revolt of 1857 was the 'First War of Indian Independence,' considering the factors that both support and undermine this assertion?

<p>While it united diverse groups against British rule and inspired future nationalists, the revolt lacked centralized leadership and widespread support. The revolt involved multiple sections of Indian society. The term 'First War of Indian Independence' is not entirely accurate because many parts of India remained undisturbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

The Great Uprising of 1857

The uprising against British rule in northern and central India in 1857-1858.

Sepoys

Indian soldiers in the British army.

Causes of the 1857 Revolt

Economic, political, social, religious and military factors.

British Economic Policies (1857 Revolt)

Policies that forced Indians to grow cash crops instead of food, leading to economic hardship.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Political Causes (1857 Revolt)

Loss of territories and policies like the subsidiary alliance and doctrine of lapse.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nana Sahib's Grievance

The refusal to accept Nana Sahib as Peshwa Baji Rao II's heir and stopping his pension.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Doctrine of Lapse

British policy of annexing states if a ruler died without a natural heir.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rani Lakshmibai and Jhansi

Annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse, leading her to revolt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

British Social Reforms

Legalisation of widow remarriage, abolition of sati, and women's education efforts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conservative Indian Concerns

Feeling that the British were interfering with their religious and social customs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Kala Pani

Crossing the seas, forbidden to Hindus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enfield Rifle Cartridges

Rifle cartridges rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat, sparking outrage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Meerut

City where Indian soldiers refused greased cartridges, leading to imprisonment and sparking the 1857 revolt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bahadur Shah

Last Mughal emperor, proclaimed leader during the revolt of 1857.

Signup and view all the flashcards

1858

Year the British Crown took direct control of India, ending East India Company rule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Viceroy

The governor-general under the British Crown.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tatya Tope

One of the main leaders of the revolt and helped Nana Sahib.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rani Lakshmibai

Queen of Jhansi: 'bravest and best military leader'.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Victoria Memorial

A memorial located in Kolkota built between 1906 and 1921.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cash Crops

Crops like cotton, jute, and indigo grown for sale rather than for the farmer's own use.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mass unemployment

An economic situation in which many people are out of work.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resentment

A feeling of anger and displeasure about something unfair.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Banning Child Marriage

The act of legally forbidding something, especially marriage, that was previously allowed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Loss of Territories

Territories lost by Indian rulers after British conquest and policies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Subsidiary Alliance

An agreement where Indian rulers maintained their own army, but were allied with and protected by the British.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Widow Remarriage

The practice of a widow marrying again, which was promoted by the British.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abolition of Sati

Abolishing the practice of Sati, or burning a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rebellion

An armed conflict against a government or authority

Signup and view all the flashcards

Poverty

The state of being extremely poor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

William Carey

Missionary whose work was viewed with suspicion by conservative sections of Indian society.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sepoy grievances

Disparity in pay and living conditions compared to British counterparts

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hindu soldiers' resentment

Crossing the Bay of Bengal was against their religion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impact of campaigns abroad

Confidence to revolt due to experience and greater numbers

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trigger in Meerut

Dismissal and imprisonment of soldiers refusing to use greased cartridges.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spread of Revolt

Areas in North India where the 1857 revolt spread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bahadur Shah's exile

Island country Bahadur Shah was exiled to after the revolt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Legacy of the Revolt

Served as a significant source of inspiration for future Indian nationalists.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rebel's Weaknesses

Most rebels lacked modern weapons and fought with swords and pikes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mangal Pandey

Bengal regiment sepoy who refused to use the new cartridges and attacked a lieutenant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Great Uprising of 1857

The revolt was so widespread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Begum Hazrat Mahal

Begum of Awadh, was upset with the British and took an active part in the Mutiny.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impact of British Policies

It ruined the industries, resulting in mass unemployment and poverty.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Child Marriage

Common custom in India at that time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nana Sahib

Stopped paying him the pension that was being given to Baji Rao.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Interference Policy

The belief that foreign governments shouldn't interfere with the religious and social customs of India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

End of Mughal Dynasty

Marked the end of Mughal rule in India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

End of East India Company

Abolished the English East India Company as a governing body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Increased British Troops

British policy of increasing the number of British troops in the Indian army after the Revolt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lack of Unity (1857 Revolt)

Lack of unity and a clear goal among those who participated in the revolt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sepoy Disadvantages

Less pay and poorer conditions than British soldiers

Signup and view all the flashcards

Post-Revolt Policy Shift

British decision to avoid social reform in India

Signup and view all the flashcards

Queen Victoria's Proclamation

Granted pardon to rebels not directly involved in murdering British officials

Signup and view all the flashcards

Groups Not Involved

Most Indian rulers and zamindars

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rebel leadership goal

Preference for restoring a monarchy

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rebel arms

Swords and pikes

Signup and view all the flashcards

British Resource Advantage

British supplied soldiers, money and arms from England

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tatya Tope's fate

Captured after escaping

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rani Lakshmibai's death

Killed attacking

Signup and view all the flashcards

Victoria Memorial's purpose

Built in memory of Queen Victoria

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insecurity Among Rulers

Indian rulers felt insecure after the British conquered territories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

British Policies

Policies like the subsidiary alliance and the doctrine of lapse caused resentment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cash vs. Food Crops

Cash crops replaced the production of food crops, because the British forced Indians to grow cash crops.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Finished goods

The British sold finish goods at a lower price in India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Years of the Revolt

The revolt took place between 1857 and 1858.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Women's Education

Policies aimed to improve women's education were considered interference.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Laws against Child Marriage

The British banned child marriage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Territories Lost

Many rulers lost their territories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agriculture ruined

India's agriculture was ruined because of the British Policies

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growing Discontent

Anger and discontent among Indians due to British policies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Underlying Causes of Revolt

Economic exploitation, political injustices, and social insensitivity by the British.

Signup and view all the flashcards

British Access to Raw Materials

Raw materials from India were used in British factories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impact on Indian Economy

British policies impoverished Indian farmers and artisans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Political Grievances

Annexation of territories and disregard for adopted heirs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rani Lakshmibai’s Fury

Annexed Jhansi, leading her to participate in the revolt

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social and Religious Concerns

Interference with Indian customs and traditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conservative Concerns

Believed that the British government had no right to interfere.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Begum Hazrat Mahal's Reaction

Annoyed with the British and took an active part in the Mutiny

Signup and view all the flashcards

British policies consequences

Ruin of India's agriculture and industries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nana Sahib's Role

Led attack on Kanpur due to pension denial.

Signup and view all the flashcards

British Trade Practices

The British sold their goods at a lower price.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cash Crop Policy

Forced shift from food to commercial crops.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Begum Hazrat Mahal's Role

Upset about the British, actively participated in the mutiny.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trigger in the army

The backlash after 85 soldiers were imprisoned for their refusal of cartridges.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lack of Unity (1857)

Those who participated in the revolt lacked unity and a clear goal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Root Causes of the Revolt

British policies leading to widespread discontent and anger among many Indians.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Subsidiary Alliance & Doctrine of Lapse

Policies that caused resentment and insecurity among Indian rulers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Who were the sepoys?

Indian soldiers in the British army.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Political impact

Loss of territories and policies causing resentment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cash Crops Impact

Producing commercial commodities instead of sustenance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Reforms

Measures legalizing remarriage, abolishing sati, and supporting education.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cultural Impact

Foreign Power Interfere with Old Religious and Social Customs of India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Jhansi's Annexation

Annexed Jhansi under the doctrine of lapse.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crossing the Bay of Bengal

During the two Burmese wars of 1824 and 1852, the Indian soldiers were expected to cross the Bay of Bengal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Campaigns abroad effect

Confidence to revolt due to experience and greater numbers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bahadur Shah's fate

Bahadur Shah was captured and his sons were killed and he was exiled to Burma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tatya Tope's Role

When Kanpur was annexed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cash Crop Conversion

Forced switch from growing essential crops to growing commercial crops.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Industrial decline

Indian industries suffered because of British trade rules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pension denial

Denying inherited status or pension spurred revolt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social reform resentment

Many Indians felt their customs/religion were being attacked.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rising unemployment

Lack of work led to financial difficulties for many.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agricultural Distress

British policies led to food shortages and hardship.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growing anger

British policies sparked discontent and anger.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unpaid Labor

Forcing locals to work without pay or for very low wages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Feeling of resentment

Many rulers felt resentment as a result of British policies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sepoy Pay Disparity

Lower pay and poorer conditions for Indian soldiers compared to British soldiers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Greased Cartridge Controversy

Cartridges for the Enfield rifle needed to be bitten open and were rumored to contain animal fat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Meerut Incident

The refusal to use greased cartridges led to the dismissal and imprisonment of soldiers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Actions Following Meerut

Soldiers released imprisoned colleagues, killed British officers, and marched to Delhi.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inspiration for Nationalists

The Revolt of 1857 inspired later generations of Indian nationalists.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Increased British Army

Increased the number of British troops relative to Indian troops.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Indian Disunity in Revolt

Lack of unity among different sections of Indian society.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rebels vs. British Arms

Rebels used swords and pikes; British had modern weapons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brief Rebellion

The Revolt was suppressed within a year with British eventually defeating the rebels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Revolt of 1857

The revolt started by sepoys that became a widespread rebellion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

British economic exploitation

Practices like forcing farmers to grow cash crops instead of food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resentment of Annexation

Feeling among Indian rulers due to annexation policies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Reform Opposition

Conservative sections felt a foreign government had no right to interfere.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Begum of Awadh

She was upset with the British and took an active part in the Mutiny

Signup and view all the flashcards

Meerut Rebellion

Indian soldiers stationed at Meerut rebelled, released fellow sepoys, killed British officers and marched to Delhi.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Revolt's Key Locations

Areas including Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, and Arrah (Bihar).

Signup and view all the flashcards

End of EIC

The English East India Company was abolished.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growing Discontent in India

Fueled by discontent with political, economic, and social policies, leading to uprisings like the 1857 Revolt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sepoy Pay

Lower pay and poorer living conditions compared to British soldiers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soldier confidence

Indian soldiers who fought in campaigns abroad realized that they could fight as well as the British soldiers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Greased Cartridges

Rumored to be greased with cow or pig fat, offending both Hindu and Muslim sepoys.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bahadur Shah's Role

The Mughal emperor was proclaimed leader of India by rebelling sepoys in Delhi.

Signup and view all the flashcards

End of Mughals

The victory of the British marked the end of Mughal rule in India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Company Abolished

The English East India Company was abolished and India came directly under the British Crown.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Troop Ratio

Increased British soldiers in the Indian army.

Signup and view all the flashcards

British Social Policies

The introduction of policies for the legalisation of widow remarriage, the abolition of sati, and the improvement of women's education.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Revolt's inspiration

The Revolt of 1857 served as a source of inspiration for future nationalists.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Economic Causes of the 1857 Revolt

British policies that led to economic hardship and uprisings in India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Political Causes of the 1857 Revolt

Loss of territories and policies generating anger and insecurity among the affected rulers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social and Religious causes

Feeling that the British reforms were imposing on social and religious customs and traditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nana Sahib's Revolt

Refusal to accept Nana Sahib as heir and denying his pension, leading to his revolt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Policies of Annexation

Policies like the subsidiary alliance and the doctrine of lapse caused resentment and insecurity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Exploitative trade

The English sold finish goods at a lower price in India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sepoy Discontent (1857)

Discrimination in pay, promotions and living conditions against Indian soldiers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lack of resources

Indian soldiers couldn't match modern weaponry to fight the British.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gurkhas, Sikhs and Pathans

Loyal Indian Soldiers to the British.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Governance Shift

Directly under the British Crown.

Signup and view all the flashcards

1857 Revolt

A mutiny against the British East Indian Company.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enfield Rifles

The new rifle cartridges that sparked the revolt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Post-Revolt Pardon

The idea that all rebels would be pardon except those who murdered British officials.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Queen Victoria

The queen of Britain at the time of 1857.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Revolt locations

Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Jhansi, Arrah and east Punjab.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Raw Materials

Cash crops grown by Indians were used as cheap raw materials by the British.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pension Refusal

The British refused to recognize Nana Sahib as the legal heir of Peshwa Baji Rao II and stopped his pension.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Interference

Conservative sections of Indian society thought that the British were interfering with the religious and social customs of India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lower Prices

The British sold finish goods for a cheaper price in India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conservative View

Conservatives felt that the British had no right to interfere with their religious and social customs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sepoy Pay & Conditions

Much less pay and unfavorable living conditions compared to British soldiers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Greased Cartridges Rumor

The rumor that the grease was made of cow or pig fat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rise of Nationalism(1857)

The Revolt may be considered the First War of Indian Independence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rebels' Lack of Resources

Most rebels fought with swords and pikes and thus could not match the modern weapons of the British.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • The Revolt of 1857 occurred in northern and central India from 1857-1858.
  • It began as a revolt by sepoys (Indian soldiers in the British army) in Bengal and evolved into a mass rebellion against British rule.
  • The revolt is also referred to as the Great Uprising of 1857.
  • Tension simmered below the surface after previous uprisings were suppressed, eventually resulting in the Revolt of 1857.

Causes of the Revolt of 1857

  • The causes can be classified as economic, political, social, religious and military factors.

Economic Causes

  • The British forced Indians to grow cash crops like cotton, jute, and indigo instead of food crops.
  • These raw materials were used by the British to produce finished goods in England, which were then sold cheaply in India.
  • These economic policies ruined Indian agriculture and industries, leading to widespread unemployment, poverty, and famines.

Political Causes

  • Indian rulers lost territories due to British policies like the subsidiary alliance and the doctrine of lapse.
  • The policies caused resentment and insecurity among the affected rulers.
  • The British refused to recognize Nana Sahib, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, as his heir and stopped his pension, leading to his revolt and attack on Kanpur in 1857.
  • Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi revolted after the British annexed Jhansi under the doctrine of lapse.
  • Rani Lakshmibai was furious when Jhansi was annexed under Dalhousie's policy of the doctrine of lapse.
  • Begum Hazrat Mahal (Begum of Awadh) also actively opposed the British Mutiny.
  • Begum Hazrat Mahal, also known as Begum of Awadh, was upset with the British and actively participated in the Mutiny.

Social and Religious Causes

  • The British introduced laws legalizing widow remarriage, abolishing Sati, promoting women's education, and banning child marriage.
  • Conservative sections of Indian society viewed these reforms as interference in their social and religious customs.
  • Child marriage was a common custom in India at that time.
  • Missionaries like William Carey were viewed with suspicion.
  • Conservative sections felt the foreign government had no right to interfere in religious and social customs.

Military Causes

  • Sepoys were paid less and had poorer living conditions than British soldiers.
  • Indian soldiers were required to cross the "kala pani" (Bay of Bengal) during the Burmese wars of 1824 and 1852, which violated Hindu religious beliefs.
  • Sepoys realized they were as capable as British soldiers, leading to increased confidence to revolt.
  • Sepoys were in much greater numbers than the British soldiers.

Immediate Cause: The Greased Cartridges

  • The introduction of the Enfield rifle, which used greased cartridges rumored to be made of cow and pig fat, sparked immediate outrage.
  • Hindus and Muslims believed the British were intentionally defiling their religions, leading to the sepoys' refusal to use the cartridges.
  • The cartridges had a greased paper cover, which needed to be bitten off before loading.

The Spread of the Revolt

  • On May 9, 1857, 85 Indian soldiers in Meerut were imprisoned for refusing the greased cartridges. Meerut is a town in Uttar Pradesh.
  • On May 10, sepoys in Meerut rebelled, released their comrades, killed British officers, and marched to Delhi.
  • The rebels captured Delhi, proclaiming Bahadur Shah (the Mughal emperor) as their leader and emperor of India.
  • The revolt spread to Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Jhansi, Arrah (Bihar), and east Punjab in North India.

End of the Revolt

  • The British recaptured Delhi in September 1857, capturing Bahadur Shah, killing his sons, and exiling him to Burma where he died.
  • By June 1858, the British had suppressed the revolt.
  • Delhi was ransacked by the British, and rebel soldiers were put to death.
  • The British crushed the Revolt by June 1858, after defeating the rebels.

Consequences of the Revolt

  • The Revolt inspired future nationalists and is considered the First War of Indian Independence.
  • The revolt marked the end of the Mughal dynasty.
  • The English East India Company was abolished, and India came under the direct rule of the British Crown.
  • The governor-general would be known as the viceroy.
  • The number of British troops in the Indian army increased.
  • For every two Indians, there was one British soldier in the army.
  • More Gurkhas, Sikhs, and Pathans (who remained loyal) were recruited.
  • Artillery was put solely in British hands.
  • The British decided to avoid social reform in India.
  • Queen Victoria issued a proclamation in 1858, granting pardon to rebels except those directly responsible for murdering British officials.

Reasons for the Failure of the Revolt

  • Lack of unity among Indians: Not all sections of society participated and some rulers/zamindars benefitted from British rule.
  • Madras, Bombay, Bengal and West Punjab remained largely undisturbed.
  • Lack of centralized leadership: Rebels lacked clear goals for after overthrowing the British, and the Mughal emperor was weak.
  • They were opposed to British rule but were unable to provide any effective alternative to it, so they tried to restore the old order of monarchy.
  • Lack of resources: Rebels mostly fought with traditional weapons and lacked discipline and organization.
  • The British received constant supplies of soldiers, arms, and money from England.

Mangal Pandey

  • Mangal Pandey refused to use the new cartridges and attacked Lieutenant Baugh and was executed, sparking uproar.
  • He is regarded as a freedom fighter, and the Indian government issued a postage stamp in his honor.
  • Pandey was a sepoy in the Bengal regiment of the British army.
  • Pandey sparked off the Mutiny when he refused to use new cartridges and attacked Lieutenant Baugh.

Tatya Tope and Rani Lakshmibai

  • Tatya Tope assisted Nana Sahib and supported Lakshmibai.
  • Rani Lakshmibai, described as the 'bravest and best' military leader of the rebels, joined forces with Tatya Tope.
  • They seized Gwalior but were defeated by the British in June 1858.
  • Rani Lakshmibai died fighting bravely, while Tatya Tope escaped but was later captured and executed.
  • Rani Lakshmibai died fighting bravely on horseback.
  • Tatya Tope helped Nana Sahib when Kanpur was annexed and supported Lakshmibai.
  • They seized Gwalior together.

Victoria Memorial

  • The Victoria Memorial is located in Kolkata.
  • It was built in memory of Queen Victoria between 1906 and 1921
  • Its architecture is similar to the Taj Mahal, and it is built of marble.
  • Today it is a museum under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Social Studies: The Revolt of 1857 Quiz
12 questions
Causes of the Revolt of 1857
10 questions
The Revolt of 1857: Causes
10 questions
The Revolt of 1857: Causes and Overview
10 questions
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser