lecture 11

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What is the purpose of convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina?

To decrease the number of RGCs responding to light from a single point in the visual field

To increase the overlap of receptive fields of RGCs

To decrease the light sensitivity of RGCs receiving input from cones

To increase the size of the receptive fields of RGCs (correct)

What is the difference in the response of on-center and off-center retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to light in the center of their receptive fields?

On-center RGCs have smaller receptive fields than off-center RGCs

On-center RGCs are turned on by light, while off-center RGCs are turned off by light (correct)

On-center RGCs have antagonistic centers and surrounds, while off-center RGCs have non-antagonistic centers and surrounds

On-center RGCs generate more action potentials in the dark, while off-center RGCs generate more action potentials in the light

What is the consequence of the overlapping receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

Light from one point in the visual field will affect many different RGCs (correct)

Light from one point in the visual field will only affect a single RGC

RGCs will have reduced light sensitivity

RGCs will have larger receptive fields in the fovea compared to the periphery

What is the relationship between the convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the light sensitivity of RGCs?

Decreased convergence leads to increased light sensitivity of RGCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the antagonistic center-surround organization of the receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

To enhance the detection of edges and contrast in the visual field Signup and view all the answers

Why are rods not functional in bright light?

Rods become saturated (bleached) in bright light. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the functionality of rods from cones in terms of light conditions?

Rods are not functional in bright light due to saturation, while cones are functional. Signup and view all the answers

Why don't we perceive colors in dim light according to the text?

Both rods and cones are colorblind in dim light. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the receptive fields of RGCs and their location?

Receptive fields of RGCs increase in size with distance from the fovea. Signup and view all the answers

In what kind of light conditions are cones more functional compared to rods?

Bright light Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why rods are more light sensitive than cones?

Rods have a larger outer segment for more light absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between rhodopsin in rods and coneopsin in cones?

Coneopsin has a different amino acid sequence for sensitivity to different wavelengths Signup and view all the answers

Why do rods have a larger surface area to absorb light compared to cones?

Rods have a larger outer segment than cones Signup and view all the answers

In what aspect do red coneopsins from different versions of the gene differ?

Sensitivity to different wavelengths of red light Signup and view all the answers

Why do rods absorb more light than cones?

Higher signal amplification process in rods Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism for the formation of the visuotopic map in the superior colliculus?

The nasal hemiretina's RGCs project in an orderly manner to the contralateral side of the brain, and the temporal hemiretina's RGCs project in an orderly manner to the ipsilateral side of the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the axons from RGCs in either eye that are activated by light from the same object converging on the same neurons in the superior colliculus?

Neurons at point B in the superior colliculus can be driven by inputs from the right eye, the left eye, or both eyes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why light from objects in the extreme periphery of the visual field (A and F) to the contralateral eyes is blocked by the nose?

The nose blocks light from reaching the contralateral eyes, so they are detected only in the ipsilateral eye. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the location of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their receptive fields?

RGCs located at the periphery of the retina have larger receptive fields than those located at the center. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina?

To increase the light sensitivity of RGCs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the receptive fields of on-center and off-center retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their response to light in the center of their receptive fields?

On-center RGCs are excited by light in the center of their receptive fields, while off-center RGCs are inhibited by light in the center. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the overlapping receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

It allows for the formation of a visuotopic map in the superior colliculus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of less convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the fovea compared to the periphery of the retina?

It results in smaller receptive fields for RGCs in the fovea. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between convergence of photoreceptors onto RGCs and light sensitivity?

Greater convergence leads to increased light sensitivity of RGCs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the antagonistic center-surround organization of the receptive fields of RGCs?

It enhances the detection of edges and boundaries in the visual scene. Signup and view all the answers

How do on-center and off-center RGCs differ in their response to light in the center of their receptive fields?

On-center RGCs hyperpolarize, while off-center RGCs depolarize. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the overlapping receptive fields of RGCs?

It ensures that light from one point in the visual field affects multiple RGCs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of convergence, where many photoreceptors converge onto a single retinal ganglion cell (RGC)?

It increases the light sensitivity of the RGC by pooling inputs from multiple photoreceptors. Signup and view all the answers

How does the release of neurotransmitters from photoreceptors affect the membrane potential of bipolar cells in the retina?

Release of neurotransmitters hyperpolarizes on-center bipolar cells and depolarizes off-center bipolar cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the center-surround organization of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) receptive fields?

It enhances the ability of RGCs to detect contrast and edges by responding to differences between the center and surround regions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the differences in receptive field sizes of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) across the retina?

RGCs closer to the fovea have smaller receptive fields to improve spatial resolution, while those in the periphery have larger receptive fields to increase light sensitivity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism underlying the antagonistic center-surround organization of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) receptive fields?

Convergence of excitatory inputs from the center and inhibitory inputs from the surround onto RGCs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the center-surround organization of the receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

To enhance the detection of edges and contrast in the visual field. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) enhances visual sensitivity?

It facilitates the summation of neurotransmitter release from multiple photoreceptors, amplifying the response to light. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the hyperpolarization and depolarization of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their response to light?

Depolarization of RGCs in response to light in their receptive field center leads to an increased firing rate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the difference in the size of receptive fields between retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) located in the fovea and those located in the periphery?

RGCs in the fovea have smaller receptive fields to improve spatial resolution and visual acuity. Signup and view all the answers

How does the convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) affect the release of neurotransmitters from RGCs?

It increases the amount of neurotransmitter release, enhancing the response of downstream neurons. Signup and view all the answers

lecture 11

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina?

What is the difference in the response of on-center and off-center retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to light in the center of their receptive fields?

What is the consequence of the overlapping receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

What is the relationship between the convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the light sensitivity of RGCs?

What is the purpose of the antagonistic center-surround organization of the receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

Why are rods not functional in bright light?

What distinguishes the functionality of rods from cones in terms of light conditions?

Why don't we perceive colors in dim light according to the text?

What is the relationship between the receptive fields of RGCs and their location?

In what kind of light conditions are cones more functional compared to rods?

What is one reason why rods are more light sensitive than cones?

What is the main difference between rhodopsin in rods and coneopsin in cones?

Why do rods have a larger surface area to absorb light compared to cones?

In what aspect do red coneopsins from different versions of the gene differ?

Why do rods absorb more light than cones?

What is the mechanism for the formation of the visuotopic map in the superior colliculus?

What is the consequence of the axons from RGCs in either eye that are activated by light from the same object converging on the same neurons in the superior colliculus?

What is the reason why light from objects in the extreme periphery of the visual field (A and F) to the contralateral eyes is blocked by the nose?

What is the relationship between the location of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their receptive fields?

What is the purpose of the convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina?

What is the relationship between the receptive fields of on-center and off-center retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their response to light in the center of their receptive fields?

What is the consequence of the overlapping receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

What is the consequence of less convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the fovea compared to the periphery of the retina?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between convergence of photoreceptors onto RGCs and light sensitivity?

What is the primary reason for the antagonistic center-surround organization of the receptive fields of RGCs?

How do on-center and off-center RGCs differ in their response to light in the center of their receptive fields?

What is the consequence of the overlapping receptive fields of RGCs?

What is the primary function of convergence, where many photoreceptors converge onto a single retinal ganglion cell (RGC)?

How does the release of neurotransmitters from photoreceptors affect the membrane potential of bipolar cells in the retina?

What is the primary function of the center-surround organization of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) receptive fields?

What is the primary reason for the differences in receptive field sizes of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) across the retina?

What is the primary mechanism underlying the antagonistic center-surround organization of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) receptive fields?

What is the primary function of the center-surround organization of the receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

What is the primary mechanism by which the convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) enhances visual sensitivity?

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the hyperpolarization and depolarization of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their response to light?

What is the primary reason for the difference in the size of receptive fields between retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) located in the fovea and those located in the periphery?

How does the convergence of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) affect the release of neurotransmitters from RGCs?

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