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Questions and Answers
What was one of the primary objectives of the Restoration period in Spain?
What was one of the primary objectives of the Restoration period in Spain?
Which document did Valentin Almirall draft to ask for autonomy for Catalonia?
Which document did Valentin Almirall draft to ask for autonomy for Catalonia?
Which political system characterized the Restoration period?
Which political system characterized the Restoration period?
What was a significant consequence of the Cuban War for Spain?
What was a significant consequence of the Cuban War for Spain?
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What was one characteristic of the political system during the Restoration?
What was one characteristic of the political system during the Restoration?
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What movement emerged in Catalonia during the Restoration period?
What movement emerged in Catalonia during the Restoration period?
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Who was the leader of the Liberal Party during the Restoration?
Who was the leader of the Liberal Party during the Restoration?
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What sparked U.S. intervention in the Cuban War?
What sparked U.S. intervention in the Cuban War?
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What major problem arose during Maria Christina's regency?
What major problem arose during Maria Christina's regency?
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Which war marked an end to significant Spanish presence in its colonies?
Which war marked an end to significant Spanish presence in its colonies?
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Study Notes
The Restoration Period (1875-1902)
- Began with Alfonso XII's restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, following the First Republic's collapse.
- Key objective: Stabilize the political system and strengthen the constitutional monarchy.
- Utilized a "pacific turn" system: Alternating power between the Liberal and Conservative parties (led by Sagasta and Cánovas del Castillo respectively).
- Electoral control was achieved through caciquism (electoral corruption).
- Constitution of 1876 established a moderate constitutional monarchy with shared sovereignty between the king and Cortes.
- Census suffrage until universal male suffrage in 1890.
Catalanism (1875-1902)
- Catalan political identity emerged during this era merging culture with protest
- Driven by a cultural renaissance, pushing Catalan language and culture.
- Opposition to Spanish centralism, which favored Madrid over Catalonia.
- Economic growth (textile industry) in Catalonia fueled self-government demands.
- Influential figures:
- Valentin Almirall (founder of political Catalanism and creator of "Memorial of Grievances")
- League of Catalonia and the Catalan Union (advocating for Catalan rights and drafting the Bases of Manresa - 1892 autonomy proposal).
The Cuban War (1895-1898)
- Marked the end of Spanish colonial empire in the Americas.
- Spain's heavy reliance on Cuban trade, coupled with high taxes on Cubans, played a role in the conflict.
- Spanish policies promoting centralism and harsh repression by General Weyler were met with Cuban resistance.
- US intervention (after the USS Maine explosion in 1898) sealed the colony's fate.
- Treaty of Paris (1898): Spain ceded Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico to the United States.
- Crisis of 1898: This event sparked widespread debate on Spanish decadence.
- Weakened the Restoration system, leading to increased regionalist and labor movements.
Reign of Alfonso XII (1875-1885)
- Marked a period of relative political stability after the First Republic's instability.
- Successfully ended the Third Carlist War in 1876.
- Constitution of 1876 established the foundation for the Restoration system.
- Temporary resolution of the Cuban War with the Pau de Zanjón agreement (1878) but did not fully resolve the problems.
Regency of Maria Christina (1885-1902)
- Following Alfonso XII's death, Maria Christina of Habsburg assumed the regency.
- The two-party system (Liberal and Conservative) continued.
- Increasing social and political unrest manifested in labor movements and rise of anarchism.
- Regionalist sentiments (Catalanism and Basqueness) gained traction.
- The loss of Spanish colonies in 1898 dramatically impacted Spain.
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Description
Explore the Restoration Period and the rise of Catalan political identity from 1875 to 1902. This quiz covers key events, political dynamics, and cultural movements that shaped Spain during this transformative era. Test your knowledge on the constitutional monarchy and the Catalan cultural renaissance.
