The Respiratory System Chapter 22 AP2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

Provide oxygen from the air into the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Movement of air in and out of the lungs, commonly referred to as breathing.

What is external respiration?

Movement of oxygen from the lungs into the blood and movement of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs.

What is transport of respiratory gases?

Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue and movement of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is internal respiration?

Movement of oxygen from the blood to the cells and movement of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the conducting zone?

Ridged passageways that bring air into the lungs from the outside to gas exchange areas inside the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

Humidifies and warms the air, cleanses the air of irritants such as dust, bacteria, and other pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the respiratory zone?

The site of actual gas exchange in the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Signup and view all the answers

What are alveoli?

The terminal air sacs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nose in the respiratory system?

Provides an airway for respiration, humidifies and warms incoming air, provides a resonating chamber for speech, and houses olfactory receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the internal nose?

Lies in and is posterior to the external nose; divided in the middle by the nasal septum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the uvula?

The most posterior structure of the internal nasal cavity. Signup and view all the answers

What are the conchae?

Three lateral projections that increase surface area and turbulence of air flowing through. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the olfactory membrane?

Contains olfactory receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mucus in the respiratory system?

Traps pathogens and debris. Signup and view all the answers

What does Henry's Law state?

Gases in contact with a liquid dissolve in proportion to their partial pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is tidal volume (TV)?

The normal amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs during normal breathing; about 500 mL. Signup and view all the answers

What is the vital capacity (VC)?

The sum of tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV); about 4800 mL. Signup and view all the answers

What is hypoxia?

Condition in which there is inadequate delivery of oxygen to the tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Major Functions of the Respiratory System

Supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.

Phases of Respiration

Pulmonary Ventilation: Movement of air in and out of the lungs, known as breathing.
External Respiration: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood.
Transport of Respiratory Gases: Movement of oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.
Internal Respiration: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and cells.

Zones of the Respiratory System

Conducting Zone: Pathways including the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that transport air to gas exchange sites.
Respiratory Zone: Areas within the lungs including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli where gas exchange occurs.

Alveoli

Terminal air sacs responsible for gas exchange, surrounded by elastic fibers.
Comprise alveolar pores that allow air pressure equalization and connections between alveoli.

Nose and Nasal Cavity

Provides airway, humidifies and warms air, and houses olfactory receptors.
Divided into external and internal sections, with the hard and soft palates creating the floor.

Pharynx

Connects nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus, subdivided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Larynx

Functions as the voice box with the ability to keep the airway open and direct air and food. Contains vocal cords (true and false) for sound production.

Trachea

Windpipe composed of three layers: mucosa (ciliated epithelium with goblet cells), submucosa (connective tissue with seromucosal glands), and adventitia (covers C-rings).

Bronchi and Bronchioles

Airways that progressively divide; bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles leading to the terminal bronchioles.

Lung Anatomy

Two lungs, with the right lung having three lobes and the left lung having two. Each lung segment is clinically independent and served by its own blood supply.

Pleura

Double-layered serous membrane (parietal and visceral pleura) covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity, with a pleural cavity filled with fluid to reduce friction.

Respiratory Pressures

Intrapulmonary Pressure: Air pressure within the lungs, fluctuates with breathing.
Intrapleural Pressure: Always negative, about 4 mm Hg less than intrapulmonary pressure.
Transpulmonary Pressure: Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures.

Breathing Mechanics

Inspiration: Active inhalation process that increases thoracic volume and decreases pressure.
Expiration: Passive exhalation process that decreases thoracic volume and increases pressure.

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Tidal Volume (TV): Normal air exchange (about 500 mL).
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Additional air that can be inhaled (2100-3100 mL).
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Additional air that can be exhaled (1000-1200 mL).
Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining after maximum exhalation (1200 mL).
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total of all lung volumes (about 6000 mL).

Gas Laws

Dalton's Law: Total gas pressure is the sum of individual gas pressures.
Henry's Law: Gas solubility in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure.

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Partial Pressures: Vary between venous blood (O2 ~40 mm Hg, CO2 ~45 mm Hg) and alveoli (O2 ~104 mm Hg, CO2 ~40 mm Hg).
Oxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin fully saturated with oxygen.
Deoxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin not fully saturated with oxygen.

The Bohr Effect

Increased carbon dioxide lowers pH, facilitating oxygen release from hemoglobin.

Hypoxia

Condition characterized by insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the respiratory system with these flashcards from Chapter 22 of AP2. This quiz covers key concepts such as pulmonary ventilation and external respiration. Perfect for students wanting to reinforce their understanding of respiratory functions.