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Questions and Answers
What is a common consequence of an enlarged prostate gland?
What is a common consequence of an enlarged prostate gland?
What is one of the major risk factors for cervical cancer?
What is one of the major risk factors for cervical cancer?
Which procedure is used for early detection of breast cancer?
Which procedure is used for early detection of breast cancer?
What condition is characterized by endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus?
What condition is characterized by endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus?
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What is a common symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
What is a common symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
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Which type of cancer is the third most prevalent in men?
Which type of cancer is the third most prevalent in men?
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Which of the following is NOT a sexually transmitted disease?
Which of the following is NOT a sexually transmitted disease?
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What is often the first step taken after a breast tumor is detected through mammography?
What is often the first step taken after a breast tumor is detected through mammography?
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What is the primary function of the testes?
What is the primary function of the testes?
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Which structure is responsible for the storage and maturation of sperm?
Which structure is responsible for the storage and maturation of sperm?
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What role does testosterone play in the male reproductive system?
What role does testosterone play in the male reproductive system?
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How do the testes maintain an optimal temperature for sperm production?
How do the testes maintain an optimal temperature for sperm production?
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What is formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum?
What is formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum?
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What structure helps transport semen into the female during reproduction?
What structure helps transport semen into the female during reproduction?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the sperm structure?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the sperm structure?
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What prevents the spreading of infection between the two testicles?
What prevents the spreading of infection between the two testicles?
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What hormone does the Leydig cells produce in the testes?
What hormone does the Leydig cells produce in the testes?
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Which accessory gland in males secretes fluid into the reproductive tract?
Which accessory gland in males secretes fluid into the reproductive tract?
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What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles in semen production?
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles in semen production?
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Which phase of the ovarian cycle is primarily marked by the maturing follicles?
Which phase of the ovarian cycle is primarily marked by the maturing follicles?
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What role do the bulbourethral glands play during sexual arousal?
What role do the bulbourethral glands play during sexual arousal?
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What is the main function of estrogen in the female reproductive system?
What is the main function of estrogen in the female reproductive system?
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What occurs during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?
What occurs during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?
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Which structure serves as the main site for fertilization within the female reproductive system?
Which structure serves as the main site for fertilization within the female reproductive system?
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What is the effect of progesterone released by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?
What is the effect of progesterone released by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary female reproductive organ?
Which of the following is NOT a primary female reproductive organ?
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What primary roles do the placenta perform during pregnancy?
What primary roles do the placenta perform during pregnancy?
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What characterizes the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?
What characterizes the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What hormonal change triggers ovarian follicle growth at puberty?
What hormonal change triggers ovarian follicle growth at puberty?
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In which part of the female reproductive system are primary oocytes located?
In which part of the female reproductive system are primary oocytes located?
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What is the primary purpose of the cervix during reproduction?
What is the primary purpose of the cervix during reproduction?
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Study Notes
The Reproductive System
- Designed for species perpetuation and offspring production
- Male produces gametes called sperm cells
- Female produces gametes called ovum
- Fertilization occurs with the joining of sperm and ovum, forming a zygote
- Zygote develops into an embryo, then a fetus
Mature Gonads
- Produce gametes (spermatozoa [sperm] in males, ova [eggs] in females)
- Secrete sex hormones (testosterone in males)
Reproductive Tract
- System of specialized ducts that transport or house gametes
- Empty supportive secretions into the reproductive tract (e.g., prostate gland in males, uterus glands in females)
- External genitalia are externally visible reproductive parts
Male Reproductive System
Functions
- Sperm production (spermatogenesis)
- Sperm delivery to the female
Organs
- Testes: Sperm-producing organs, suspended outside the abdomen in the scrotum
- The scrotum's lower temperature (3°C below normal body temperature) helps sperm production
The Penis
- Delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract
- Consists of base, shaft, glans (head), and foreskin
- Tissues include dorsal nerve, blood vessels, connective tissue, corpus spongiosum, and corpus cavernosum
Reproductive Tract
- Epididymis (x2)
- Ductus (vas) deferens (x2)
- Ejaculatory duct (x2)
- Urethra
Accessory Glands
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral gland
Testes (cont'd)
- Separated by a septum (protects against infection spread)
- Temperature regulated by moving them closer to or away from the body (in cold or hot environments)
- Contain seminiferous tubules (80% of testicular mass; produce sperm)
- Leydig cells produce testosterone under pituitary control
Sperm Structure
- Head, middle piece, and tail
- Nucleus: Contains genetic information
- Acrosome (head): Filled with enzymes breaking down the ovum's membrane to allow sperm penetration
- Mitochondria: Provides energy for tail movement
- Tail: Gives sperm motility
Testosterone
- Secreted into the blood, transported to sites of action
- Some in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules helps with sperm production
- A small portion converts to estrogen
- Controls development, growth, and maintenance of male sex organs
- Stimulates muscle buildup and bone development
- Causes sperm maturation
- Causes thyroid cartilage enlargement
- Produces body hair patterns
Testes:
- Tunica albuginea (white fibrous capsule)
- Lobules (250-300 per testicle)
Seminiferous tubules
- 1-3 per lobule
- Where sperm is produced
Rete testis
- Network connecting seminiferous tubules to the epididymis
Spermatic Ducts
- Efferent ductules (approx. 12 per testicle)
- Posterior part of testis
- Epididymis: Posterior part of the testes; sperm maturation and storage (head, long body, slender tail)
Ductus (vas) deferens
- Passes between the urinary bladder and ureter
- Widens into terminal ampulla
- Connects into seminal vesicle
- Passes through prostate gland
- Empties into urethra
Urethra
- Terminal duct of the system, a common passageway for sperm
Female Reproductive System
Functions
- Cyclical production of ova (oogenesis)
- Sperm and ovum transport to fertilization site
- Development of the fertilized egg into an embryo and eventually a fetus
- Placenta formation for fetal support
- Parturition (giving birth)
- Nourishing infant after birth through milk production
Organs
- Oviducts (uterine or Fallopian tubes)
- Ovaries
- Uterus
- Vagina
Ovaries
- Produce ova (oogenesis)
- Secrete female sex hormones (estrogen)
Oviducts
- In close association with ovaries
- Pick up ovum during ovulation
- Transport ovum to uterus if not fertilized
Uterus
- Site of menstruation and egg implantation
- Responsible for fetal maintenance during development
- Wall made of 3 layers: endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
Cervix
- Lower portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina
- Cervical canal
- Single, small opening serving as a pathway for sperm
- Passageway for the delivery of the baby from the uterus to the vagina
Vagina
- Muscular, expandable tube connecting the uterus to the external environment
- Passageway for menstrual flow
- Vaginal opening located in the perineal region between the lower body parts.
Pathology
- Enlarged prostate: Prostate gland enlargement in older men, constricting the urethra, causing urination difficulty, and potentially leading to kidney or bladder infections. Treatment often involves surgery.
- Prostate cancer: Third most prevalent cancer in men; slow-growing, and may not be easily detected. Regular checkups are crucial for early detection.
- Cervical cancer: Slow-growing cancer common in women aged 30-50, possibly connected with frequent intercourse, multiple partners, STDs, inflammation, and numerous pregnancies. Yearly Pap smears are critical for detection.
- Breast cancer: Leading cause of death in women (1 in 8). Lumps, leakage, and nipple changes are potential symptoms. Early detection is key, with mammograms and biopsies if necessary.
- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): Symptoms arising in the premenstrual phase, with the exact cause unknown. Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms like irritability, fatigue, and depression.
- Endometriosis: Endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus when endometrial cells pass through the fallopian tubes to the pelvic cavity, leading to severe premenstrual and menstrual issues.
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Spread by intimate contact; caused by bacteria, viruses, or protozoa. Examples include trichomonas, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, warts, and AIDS.
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Description
Explore the intricate workings of the reproductive system, designed for species perpetuation and offspring production. Learn about gametes, fertilization, and the roles of male and female reproductive organs. Understand the functions of mature gonads and the reproductive tract's structure and purpose.
