41 Questions
What were some of the items brought back to the Old World during the Columbian Exchange?
Turkeys, tomatoes, and habanero peppers
What was the main goal of mercantilism?
To amass as much raw wealth as possible
What was the transatlantic slave trade?
A triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and the New World
Who developed the scientific method during the Scientific Revolution?
Francis Bacon
What was the result of the Columbian Exchange?
The transfer of goods and ideas between the New and Old Worlds
What was the main change brought about by the Scientific Revolution?
The shift from traditional assumptions to scientific evidence
What was the climax of the Scientific Revolution?
The publication of Isaac Newton's series of books
What was the Silk Road?
A series of trade routes between Europe and Asia
What was the Age of Exploration characterized by?
Global European exploration between the 15th and 18th centuries
What was the result of the Scientific Revolution on the Catholic Church and monarchies?
It undermined their influence
Who published 'On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres' and formulated a heliocentric model?
Nicolaus Copernicus
What was Galileo Galilei pioneering in?
Development of the model telescope
What was the main catalyst for the Protestant Revolution in 1517?
The publication of Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses
Who formulated the Laws of Motion and the Law of Universal Gravity?
Isaac Newton
What was a significant consequence of the Protestant Reformation for women?
They gained the right to divorce and marry
What scientific disciplines were developed during the 16th and 17th centuries?
Medicine and chemistry
What was the primary focus of the Protestant Reformation?
The promotion of education and independent thought
Why was Galileo Galilei condemned by the Catholic Church?
For supporting the heliocentric model
What was the significance of Vesalius' work?
He developed human anatomy as a science
Who was a prominent French theologian associated with the Protestant Reformation?
John Calvin
What was the key factor that contributed to the development of medicine and chemistry?
The emphasis on empiricism
What was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation?
The Catholic Church launched a counter-reformation
What was the outcome of the pioneering dissections and experiments during this period?
Medicine and chemistry became highly specialized disciplines
What was the main concern of Martin Luther that led to the Protestant Reformation?
The sale of indulgences
What was the significance of the 16th and 17th centuries in the history of science?
The emergence of medicine and chemistry as disciplines
What was the result of the Protestant Reformation for the Pope's power?
The Pope's power decreased
What was the common approach of scientists during this period?
Empiricism
What was the significance of the Council of Trent in the Catholic Reformation?
It was a Catholic council that responded to the Protestant Reformation
What was a significant cultural change resulting from the Protestant Reformation?
The increasing role of the family as the center of life
What would likely not have occurred without the pioneering dissections, experiments, and notation?
Medicine and chemistry becoming highly specialized disciplines
What was the primary goal of the Jesuits during the Catholic Reformation?
To address the concerns of Protestant reformers
What were the two main watchwords of the Protestant Reformation?
Sola scriptura and sola fide
What was the outcome of the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Church was reformed and strengthened
Who was the explorer who claimed North America for the English crown?
John Cabot
What was the main consequence of the Age of Exploration for Native American societies?
The destruction of most Native American societies
What is the term for the exchange of goods and peoples between the Old and New Worlds?
The Columbian Exchange
Why did Prince Henry the Navigator explore the seas?
For adventure and glory
What was the main reason for the Age of Exploration?
To find new resources and trade routes
What was the result of the Treaty of Westphalia?
The winding down of the Counter-Reformation
What was the significance of Vasco Nunez de Balboa's voyage?
He was the first European to reach the Pacific Ocean
What was the main reason for the Columbian Exchange?
Christopher Columbus's search for a faster route to Asia
Study Notes
The Protestant Reformation
- Began in 1517 when Martin Luther published his Ninety-Five Theses
- Resulted in large portions of the European population leaving the Catholic Church
- Led to a loss of power for the Pope and Catholic clergy
- Positive consequences included:
- Increased emphasis on education for boys and girls
- Focus on independent thought
- Women gained new rights, such as the right to divorce and marry
- Increased role of the family as the center of life
- Despite the changes, most peasants found it impossible to change their everyday lives, even after leading significant revolts
- Other reformers, such as John Calvin, carried on the causes of the Protestant Reformation
- Calvin believed in predestination
The Catholic Reformation
- Was the Roman Catholic church's counter-movement to address the concerns of Martin Luther and other religious reformers
- The Council of Trent was convened to respond to the Protestant Reformation
- The Jesuits were a religious group created during the Catholic Reformation
- They engaged in extensive missionary activity for Catholicism
The Age of Exploration
- Was a time when European explorers began traveling en masse to other continents, especially the Americas
- Also known as the Age of Discovery
- Lasted from the 15th to the 18th century
- Explorers such as Christopher Columbus, John Cabot, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, and Ponce de Leon claimed new lands for their respective crowns
- The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants, fruits, vegetables, disease, and other items between the Old and New Worlds
- Positive consequences included the discovery of new foods from the Americas
- Negative consequences included the destruction of most Native American societies
The Columbian Exchange
- Was the exchange of plants, fruits, vegetables, disease, and other items between the Old and New Worlds after the explorations of Christopher Columbus
- Items taken back to the Old World included turkeys, tomatoes, and habanero peppers
- Items received by the New World included sugarcane, coffee, and horses
- Negative consequences included slavery and disease
Science and the Scientific Revolution
- Was a wave of scholars proposing a new way of thinking that transformed society through the elevation of science as the source of truth
- Key to this was the scientific method, developed by Francis Bacon
- The Scientific Revolution began when Copernicus published a book that challenged the view of the Earth as the center of the universe
- The climax of the Scientific Revolution was when Isaac Newton published his series of books, which used the scientific method to challenge many of the oldest traditional assumptions about the universe
- The Scientific Revolution established science, supported through experiments, as the source of truth, completely changing how society looked at and understood the universe
Medicine and Chemistry in the 16th and 17th Centuries
- Saw medicine and chemistry come into their own as disciplines
- Occurred largely due to the increased emphasis on empiricism by the scientists of the period
- Pioneering dissections, endless experimentation, and dedication to notation and observation led to the development of medicine and chemistry as highly specialized disciplines
Learn about the Protestant Revolution, its causes, effects, and impact on European society and the Catholic Church, including the role of Martin Luther and the Ninety-Five Theses.
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