20 Questions
What is the focus of the article?
The emergence of middle classes in the Philippines
When did Philippine industrialization start?
1930s
What characterized the middle classes in the Philippines?
Relatively small population size
What marked the new pattern of political participation in the Philippines?
After the Aquino assassination
What accompanied the slow progress of Philippine industrialization from the 1960s?
Expansion of tertiary industries and informal sector
What characterized the economic policy after the 'people's power revolution' of February 1986?
Deregulation, trade liberalization, and efforts to attract foreign capital
What was the average annual real GNP growth rate between 1988 and 1997?
4.1%
What percentage of the total workforce did the new and marginal middle-class occupations account for in 1995?
6.7%
What was the percentage of the middle-class population to the total population due to the stagnation of industrialization?
Relatively low
What remained largely unchanged from the Marcos era in the Philippines?
The manufacturing sector figures
What was a consequence of import-substitution industrialization in the Philippines?
Growth in the manufacturing sector and employment
What impact did the Marcos era have on the traditional political and economic elite?
Their enterprises were put under the control of Marcos's cronies
What was a consequence of the urban informal sector expansion in the Philippines?
Absorbing the surplus rural workforce
What happened to the manufacturing sector in the Philippines in the 1980s?
It declined
What percentage of the workforce did professionals and technicians, administrators, executives, and managers, and clerical workers account for by 1965?
11.5%
What percentage of the new middle class in 1995 were employed in the government sector?
53.8%
What percentage of the employed workforce in Metro Manila in 1995 consisted of professional and technical workers?
25.0%
What percentage of the old middle class had either a working-class or agricultural-class origin in 1995?
22.3%
What characterized the income differentials within the middle classes in 1995?
Relatively high social mobility
What proportion of the workforce in 1995 was accounted for by the old middle-class type employers?
1.1%
Study Notes
The Middle Classes in the Philippines: Emergence and Political Role
- The section examines the political characteristics and role of the middle classes in Metro Manila, focusing on their political consciousness, organization, and behavior from the anti-Marcos protest movement to the present.
- The term "middle class" is used with a clear distinction in meaning, and the study divides them into three types: the "new middle class," the "marginal middle class," and the "old middle class."
- The middle classes emerged mainly within the process of industrialization associated with socioeconomic change in the Philippines.
- Before industrialization, the Philippines had a two-class structure under Spanish colonialism, with extreme inequality in wealth distribution.
- The American colonial period saw the emergence of sizable middle classes, with efforts at industrialization promoted in anticipation of national independence.
- The National Economic Protectionism Association (NEPA) was founded by Filipino entrepreneurs, and state enterprises in various areas of light industries were established.
- The manufacturing industries in the Philippines accounted for 11.3% of the country's employed workforce by 1939, indicating growth.
- The emergence of the middle classes was likely to have seen an increase in "old" rather than "new" type members during the industrialization process.
- Very few empirical investigations had been conducted on the relation between the Philippine middle classes and politics until recently.
- A comprehensive examination of the middle-class involvement in politics was carried out from national independence to the present, indicating a wide range of political propensities and practices.
- The study sheds light on the middle-class people in general who had previously been apolitical and suddenly became actively involved in the democratization struggle after the Aquino assassination.
- The author obtained data through participant observations and interviews regarding the August Twenty-One Movement (ATOM) and other organizations centered around the middle classes to understand their political role.
Explore the emergence and political role of the middle classes in the Philippines with this quiz. Delve into their historical development, political consciousness, and involvement in democratization struggles from the anti-Marcos movement to the present day. Learn about the distinctions between the "new," "marginal," and "old" middle classes and their impact on Philippine society and politics.
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