Week 3

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of Earth's water is fresh and potentially suitable for drinking, food production, energy, and industrial uses?

0.7%

12%

97%

3% (correct)

How much water does it take to generate the food that the average Westerner consumes in one day?

3000 litres (correct)

1.6 bath tubs

12 bath tubs

400 litres

What has been warned to increasingly provide the basis for armed conflict?

Rainwater

Sea water

Groundwater

Fresh water (correct)

Which country has threatened military action if the upper reaches of the Nile are dammed?

Egypt Signup and view all the answers

What was the response of Israel when Syria attempted to divert the headwaters of the Jordan river in 1967?

Bombing Signup and view all the answers

Out of the world's population of 7 billion people, how many do not have easy access to fresh water?

Many Signup and view all the answers

What is the yearly cost of alcohol abuse/misuse in Australia?

15 Billion dollars Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all violent offences are committed under the influence of alcohol?

35% Signup and view all the answers

How many Indigenous Australians have a higher rate of excessive alcohol consumption compared to non-Indigenous Australians?

2-3 times higher Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of deaths due to alcohol-related conditions in Australia yearly?

5305 Signup and view all the answers

How many people were verbally abused by alcohol-related offenders according to the yearly ABS victims of crime survey?

1.5 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common reason for referral to drug treatment services in Australia?

Alcohol related problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the ranking of Australia in terms of per capita alcohol consumption?

23rd Signup and view all the answers

During which period did alcohol consumption fall to a low of 2.5 liters per person?

Great Depression Signup and view all the answers

What were some positives of alcohol consumption in Australia mentioned in the text?

Acting as a pleasurable experience Signup and view all the answers

What was the focal point of alcohol consumption during the 1800s?

Pubs Signup and view all the answers

What is the association of Australian national identity with alcohol consumption?

It is associated with heavy alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

What did alcohol consumption lead to in the early days of the colony for Indigenous Australians?

Devastating effects Signup and view all the answers

At what water deficit does thirst typically ensue?

3% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of chronic psychiatric patients are polydipsic?

6% Signup and view all the answers

In which desert did Sven Hedin experience intense relief after finding water?

Taklamakan Desert Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bodyweight in water can animals with SIP consume?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Between what percentage of bodyweight in water deficit can dehydration cause death?

15-25% Signup and view all the answers

How many people lacked access to safe drinking water as of 2017?

0.8 billion Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the insula cortex in the sensation of thirst?

It plays a role in the subjective sensation of thirst Signup and view all the answers

What happens when water is directly placed into the stomach of a thirsty animal?

It does not alleviate thirst as effectively as drinking through the mouth Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is suggested to be responsible for thirst?

The hypothalamus, particularly the median preoptic nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between lack of salivary glands and normal drinking in animals and humans?

Lack of salivary glands does not hinder normal drinking Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of specific cells in the hypothalamus mentioned in the text?

They are sensitive to variations in salt levels in blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of anaesthetising the mouth of thirsty dogs and humans?

It alleviates thirst Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is in the sea?

97% Signup and view all the answers

How much water does it take to generate the food that the average Westerner consumes in one day?

3000 litres Signup and view all the answers

Which region experienced a 'water flash-point' due to damming of the Nile's upper reaches?

Middle East Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's accessible fresh water resources represent 'fossil water', lakes, and rivers?

0.7% Signup and view all the answers

How many people do not have easy access to fresh water out of the world's population of 7 billion people?

Not provided Signup and view all the answers

What was the response of Israel when Syria attempted to divert the headwaters of the Jordan river in 1967?

Bombing of Syria Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all violent offences are committed under the influence of alcohol?

35% Signup and view all the answers

How much does alcohol abuse/misuse cost yearly in Australia?

15 Billion dollars Signup and view all the answers

What is the yearly number of deaths due to alcohol-related conditions in Australia?

5305 Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of excessive alcohol consumption in Indigenous Australians compared to non-Indigenous Australians?

2-3 times higher Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common reason for referral to drug treatment services in Australia?

Alcohol related problems Signup and view all the answers

How many people were verbally abused by alcohol-related offenders according to the yearly ABS victims of crime survey?

1.5 million Signup and view all the answers

What was the focal point of alcohol consumption during the 1800s in Australia?

Pubs Signup and view all the answers

What is the ranking of Australia in terms of per capita alcohol consumption?

23rd Signup and view all the answers

What is the derivation of the word 'alcohol'?

Arabic for 'something subtle' Signup and view all the answers

What is the current alcohol consumption per person in Australia?

9 liters Signup and view all the answers

What are some positives of alcohol consumption in Australia?

Tax revenues averaging around 6 billion dollars per year Signup and view all the answers

What are some negatives of alcohol consumption in Australia?

A significant percentage of people drinking at a rate likely to cause harm Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is fresh and potentially suitable for drinking, food production, energy, and industrial uses?

Less than 1% Signup and view all the answers

At what water deficit does thirst typically ensue?

2% Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated number of deaths caused by waterborne diseases in 2017?

0.5 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of water deficit in terms of bodyweight that can cause death due to dehydration?

20-25% Signup and view all the answers

What is Schedule Induced Polydipsia (SIP) capable of causing animals to consume in terms of bodyweight in water?

Up to 50% Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of people who lacked access to safe drinking water as of 2017?

0.8 billion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of specific cells in the hypothalamus mentioned in the text?

Detect variations in salt levels in blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between lack of salivary glands and normal drinking in animals and humans?

Lack of salivary glands does not hinder normal drinking Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of directly placing water into the stomach of a thirsty animal?

Does not alleviate thirst as effectively as drinking through the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the insula cortex in the sensation of thirst?

Plays a role in the subjective sensation of thirst Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely central brain area responsible for thirst according to the text?

Hypothalamus, particularly the median preoptic nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What strongly correlates with water deficit according to the text?

Saliva levels in the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is fresh and potentially suitable for drinking, food production, energy, and industrial uses?

3% Signup and view all the answers

How many liters of water does it take to generate the food that the average Westerner consumes in one day?

3000 liters Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world's population lacks easy access to fresh water?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is in the sea?

97% Signup and view all the answers

What is the yearly cost of alcohol abuse/misuse in Australia?

15 Billion dollars Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many people were verbally abused by alcohol-related offenders according to the yearly ABS victims of crime survey?

1.5 million people Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all violent offences are committed under the influence of alcohol?

35% Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of deaths due to alcohol-related conditions in Australia yearly?

5000 Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is suggested to be responsible for the sensation of thirst?

Median preoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of specific cells in the hypothalamus mentioned in the text?

Sensing variations in salt levels in blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

What did the direct placement of water into the stomach of a thirsty animal result in, according to the text?

No alleviation of thirst Signup and view all the answers

How do peripheral systems, particularly in the kidneys, work in regulating thirst according to the text?

They work independently of the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of deaths caused by waterborne diseases in 2017?

0.5 million Signup and view all the answers

At what water deficit does severe fatigue typically ensue?

5-8% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of chronic psychiatric patients are polydipsic?

6-10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of bodyweight in water that can cause death due to dehydration?

20-25% Signup and view all the answers

What was the per capita alcohol consumption in Australia during the 1800s?

5 liters per person Signup and view all the answers

What is the rank of Australia in terms of per capita alcohol consumption globally?

23rd Signup and view all the answers

What was the focal point of alcohol consumption during the 1800s in Australia?

Pubs Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to challenges for public health with the advent of pre-mixed drinks in Australia?

Marketing and taste directed at novice and underage drinkers Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Science of Thirst: Understanding the Mechanisms Behind the Sensation

Saliva levels in the mouth strongly correlate with water deficit
Anaesthetising the mouth of thirsty dogs and humans alleviates thirst
Directly placing water into the stomach of a thirsty animal does not alleviate thirst as effectively as drinking through the mouth
Thirsty camels can drink 30% of their body weight in water in 10 minutes, long before physiological relief
Lack of salivary glands does not hinder normal drinking in animals and humans
The insula cortex plays a role in the subjective sensation of thirst
The hypothalamus, particularly the median preoptic nucleus, is suggested as a central brain area responsible for thirst
Specific cells in the hypothalamus are sensitive to variations in salt levels in blood plasma
The hypothalamus controls the release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) to regulate water retention
Peripheral systems, particularly in the kidneys, work cooperatively and independently of the hypothalamus in regulating thirst
The kidney detects changes in blood pressure and releases hormones that affect the CNS and drinking behavior
Thirst results from a complex interplay of peripheral and central mechanisms, involving departures from set points triggering the sensation of thirst and drinking behavior

The Science of Thirst: Understanding the Mechanisms Behind the Sensation

Saliva levels in the mouth strongly correlate with water deficit
Anaesthetising the mouth of thirsty dogs and humans alleviates thirst
Directly placing water into the stomach of a thirsty animal does not alleviate thirst as effectively as drinking through the mouth
Thirsty camels can drink 30% of their body weight in water in 10 minutes, long before physiological relief
Lack of salivary glands does not hinder normal drinking in animals and humans
The insula cortex plays a role in the subjective sensation of thirst
The hypothalamus, particularly the median preoptic nucleus, is suggested as a central brain area responsible for thirst
Specific cells in the hypothalamus are sensitive to variations in salt levels in blood plasma
The hypothalamus controls the release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) to regulate water retention
Peripheral systems, particularly in the kidneys, work cooperatively and independently of the hypothalamus in regulating thirst
The kidney detects changes in blood pressure and releases hormones that affect the CNS and drinking behavior
Thirst results from a complex interplay of peripheral and central mechanisms, involving departures from set points triggering the sensation of thirst and drinking behavior

Alcohol Consumption and Drinking Culture in Australia

The lecture involves examining alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption, and the addictive nature of certain foods.
The word "alcohol" derives from Arabic for "something subtle," with evidence of brewing dating back to the Neolithic period.
Australian national identity is associated with heavy alcohol consumption, with the myth of the heavy drinking Australian being part of the national identity.
Drinking in the early days of the colony was similar to that in most other Anglo-Saxon countries, with alcohol having devastating effects on Indigenous Australians.
During the 1800s, the pub became the focal point of alcohol consumption, with Sydney having one pub for every 100 Sydneysiders in 1837.
Australia is ranked 23rd in the world in terms of per capita alcohol consumption, with a shift from beer to wine and the advent of pre-mixed drinks.
Positives of alcohol consumption in Australia include tax revenues averaging around 6 billion dollars per year, reducing cardiovascular deaths, and acting as a pleasurable experience.
Negatives include a significant percentage of people drinking at a rate likely to cause harm and engaging in binge drinking, especially among the 20-29 age group.
Alcohol was used as payment for labor, sexual favors, and entertainment for Indigenous Australians.
During the 1900s, with urbanization and industrialization, alcohol consumption fell to a low of 2.5 liters during the Great Depression.
Current alcohol consumption is around 9 liters per person, with variations across different regions and communities.
The advent of pre-mixed drinks poses challenges for public health, especially with marketing and taste directed at novice and underage drinkers.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the intricate mechanisms behind the sensation of thirst with this quiz. Explore the role of saliva levels, brain areas, hormones, and kidney functions in regulating thirst and drinking behavior.