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Questions and Answers
What does the physical self refer to?
the body
Who considered the body as the initial source of sensation?
Mind and body are two separate entities according to Sigmund Freud.
False
What is a key point in Erik Erikson's theory?
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What do dominant genes produce?
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The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the individual's ______.
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What does growth refer to?
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What is maturation?
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Which hormone helps prepare the body for bed in the evening?
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Neurotransmitters can be found throughout the entire human body.
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Study Notes
The Physical Self
- The physical self refers to the body, a tangible aspect of the person.
- William James viewed the body as the source of sensations, essential for personality.
- Sigmund Freud emphasized the physical body as the core of human experience, considering mind and body as one.
- Erik Erikson believed experience is grounded in the physical body.
The Body as a Tool
- The body is obedient to the mind and serves as a tool for expressing consciousness.
- Examples: A boxer in the ring may not fully experience injuries until the intensity of the fight subsides.
Development and Competence
- The development of both physical and intellectual skills contributes to a sense of competence, shaping one's ability to navigate societal roles.
Humanism
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs places physiological needs as the foundation, before individuals can focus on higher-order needs.
- The physical self encompasses biological and chemical processes, not just appearances.
Genetics and Heredity
- Physical features are a result of heredity, the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
- Genes are the basic units of heredity.
The Genetic Code
- Phenotype represents the observable physical expression of a trait, determined by both genes and environment.
- Genotype refers to the genetic information itself, which may not always be expressed physically.
Sex Determination
- Individuals have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, determines an individual's sex.
Genetic Traits
- Dominant genes determine observable traits, while recessive genes are part of an individual's genetic composition but may not be outwardly expressed.
- Pedigree analysis is a method for tracing a family's genetic history.
Growth and Development
- Growth refers to quantitative changes in size and structure.
- Development encompasses qualitative changes, leading towards maturity.
- Maturation marks the completion of a genetic character's growth within the organism.
Hormones and Neurotransmitters
- Hormones are produced by the endocrine system and regulate various bodily functions like growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.
- Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers within the brain and nervous system, directly communicating between neurons.
- Both hormones and neurotransmitters influence physical and psychological functions, including mood, eating patterns, learning, and sleep cycles.
Key Hormones
- Cortisol, released in the morning, helps to wake us up.
- Melatonin, released in the evening, prepares the body for sleep.
Dopamine
- This neurotransmitter is associated with pleasurable sensations.
- It plays a role in addictions to substances like drugs and alcohol, and behaviors like gambling and sex.
- Dopamine is also linked to bonding and trust, with higher levels associated with these emotions.
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Description
Explore the concept of the physical self and its significance in psychology. This quiz examines viewpoints from notable psychologists like William James, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson on how the body influences personality and experience. Understand the connection between physical development and competence in navigating societal roles.
