The Philippines in the 19th Century: Rizal's Context Unit 2

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Questions and Answers

What was a significant social factor that hindered the attempts to drive out foreign rulers in the Philippines before the birth of Jose Rizal?

Presence of a strong military force

Emergence of powerful local leaders

Support from neighboring countries

Lack of unity and nationalism (correct)

Under which king was Ferdinand Magellan sent on his expedition to the Philippines?

King Philip II

King Ferdinand I

King Charles I (correct)

King Louis XIV

Who established the Encomienda system in the Philippines?

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (correct)

Ferdinand Magellan

Rajah Sulayman

What event marked the formal establishment of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines?

The founding of Manila in 1571 Signup and view all the answers

Who ruled the Philippines indirectly as a representative of the Spanish King?

Viceroy of Mexico Signup and view all the answers

Which position had authority over the provincial governance during the Spanish colonial period?

Alkalde Mayor Signup and view all the answers

What was a requirement for Filipinos to hold the positions of Gobernadorcillo or Cabeza de Barangay?

Must be at least 23 years old Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant source of power for the Spanish friars during the colonization process?

Influence over society and government Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a position held by Filipinos during the Spanish colonial period?

Alkalde Mayor Signup and view all the answers

What behavior was characteristic of corrupt governors during the Spanish colonial period?

Favoring their friends and family Signup and view all the answers

Which governor general is often referred to as 'The Butcher' for his brutal actions?

Gen. Valeriano Weyler Signup and view all the answers

How did the excessive power of the governor generals affect their governance?

Led to a lack of accountability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the regular priests in relation to the secular priests during the Spanish colonial period?

They had dominion over secular priests Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Enlightenment for social structures?

Advocacy for the separation of church and state. Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the opening of the port of Manila have on Spain's economic supremacy in the region?

Spain's economic supremacy began to decline Signup and view all the answers

Which movement was characterized by major industrialization primarily in Great Britain?

Industrial Revolution Signup and view all the answers

Which agricultural product became the leading export crop from the Philippines after the port opened?

Sugar Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct effect of the opening of the Philippines to world trade in 1834?

Engagement of natives in trade. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Age of Exploration?

An era marked by the invasion and settlement of new lands. Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence for the Filipinos due to the increased demand for their agricultural products?

They had less access to local resources Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is notably associated with Enlightenment thinking?

John Locke Signup and view all the answers

What modern methods of production were introduced to the Philippines during this period?

Sugar mills and steamships Signup and view all the answers

How did the opening of trade affect the economy of Manila and the Philippines?

It spurred economic growth and development Signup and view all the answers

What was one effect of the Industrial Revolution on agriculture?

Mechanization and increased productivity. Signup and view all the answers

What transformation occurred in Manila regarding its population and commerce following the opening of the port?

More people settled and businesses expanded Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Royal Company of the Philippines in 1834?

To open Manila to world commerce. Signup and view all the answers

What was one benefit for Filipino businessmen following the opening of trade?

They applied their knowledge in finance and retail Signup and view all the answers

What does the rise of the ILUSTRADOS in the Philippines indicate?

The emergence of an educated middle class. Signup and view all the answers

What area in Manila experienced significant commercial activity as a result of the port opening?

Binondo and Extramuros Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Encomienda' refer to in the context of colonial rule?

A system of landholding granted to loyal individuals Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Isolation Policy imposed by the colonizers?

To prevent natives from interacting with Asian neighbors Signup and view all the answers

Which financial obligation did the Tribute represent for the Filipino people under Spanish rule?

A tax symbolizing vassalage to Spain Signup and view all the answers

Which revolt in the 16th century was primarily against the Encomenderos?

Pampanga Revolt Signup and view all the answers

What common theme can be seen in the numerous Filipino revolts listed from the 17th century?

Struggle against religious conversion and abuses Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Dagohoy Rebellion in Bohol?

It lasted for 88 years, being one of the longest revolts Signup and view all the answers

The 'Divide and Rule' policy was aimed at which of the following?

Forcing natives to combat one another for control Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'Polo' in the context of Spanish colonial policies?

Forced labor imposed on male natives aged 16 to 60 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Historical Context of the 19th Century Philippines

Over 300 years of Spanish colonial rule characterized the socio-political landscape prior to Rizal's birth.
Numerous unsuccessful native uprisings against Spanish oppression highlighted a lack of national unity and emerging nationalism.

Influential Figures and Events

Ferdinand Magellan discovered the Philippines on March 17, 1521; he was part of an expedition commissioned by King Charles I of Spain.
The Philippines was named "Filipinas" in 1543 by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos.
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Governor-General, established the city of Manila in 1571 and implemented the Encomienda system.

Governance Structure

Spain ruled the Philippines indirectly via the Viceroy of Mexico as the representative of the Spanish King.
The Governor-General held extensive authoritative powers: head of state, church, military, and had the ability to pardon prisoners.
Local governance included positions like Alcalde Mayor, Gobernadorcillo, and Cabeza de Barangay, with limited powers primarily for educated individuals with property.

Religious Influence

Spanish friars exercised significant control over society, acting as both religious and political figures.
They dominated ecclesiastical hierarchies and often clashed with secular authorities.

Corruption in Governance

Governor-generals displayed a propensity for misconduct, favoring allies and punishing dissenters.
Provincial governments, especially under Alcalde Mayor, were notorious for corruption.

Notable Corrupt Officials (19th Century)

Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo ordered the execution of GOMBURZA.
Gen. Valeriano Weyler, known as "the Butcher," was infamous for his ruthless governance.
Gen. Camilo de Polavieja executed José Rizal in 1896.

Colonial Policies Imposed by Spain

Encomienda system granted land to loyalists and enforced labor policies such as Polo, demanding compulsory service from males aged 16 to 60.
Tribute taxes were imposed to symbolize subjugation to Spain; native interactions with foreign neighbors were heavily restricted.

Filipino Revolts Against Spanish Rule

Several uprisings occurred throughout the centuries, such as the Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt and the Dagohoy Rebellion, reflecting resistance to oppression.

Societal Changes in the 18th Century

The Enlightenment spread ideas of individual rights and secularism, influencing Philippine society.
The rise of literacy and modern philosophy motivated a new educated class.

Economic Developments in the 19th Century

The opening of the Philippines to global trade in 1834 spurred economic growth and increased foreign influence.
Manila's strategic position attracted international traders, leading to increased demand for Filipino agricultural products, especially sugar.

Impact of Global Trade on the Philippines

Local industries flourished to meet the demands of an expanding European market, resulting in infrastructural development and more Filipino businesses emerging.
Economic prosperity improved living standards for many Filipinos, transforming their social conditions.

Transition and Continuity

The period set the stage for significant societal and political changes leading towards the Philippine Revolution and the rise of national identity, epitomized by figures like José Rizal.

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Description

Explore the social, political, and cultural transformations in the Philippines during the 19th century as they relate to the life and times of Jose Rizal. This quiz will analyze the impacts of over 300 years of Spanish colonial rule and the various uprisings that shaped Rizal's perspective and writings.