The Philippines in the 19th Century

The Philippines in the 19th Century in the Context of Dr. Rizal

Objectives for the student

• Can determine the changes that took place in the Philippines in the economy, society and politics during the 19th century
• Can understand Jose Rizal in the context of his time
• Can explain the method of dealing with and resisting the Filipino against the Spanish conquerors
• Can analyze the effect of colonial policy on the rise of national spirit
• Can illustrate the actions of the illustrados and the Propaganda movement based on their achievements and outcomes
• Can compare the life of the Filipinos before the arrival of the Spanish and when the Spanish occupied the country

Why is it important to learn about the context of the 19th Century?

• Context is king
• Victorian Era lasted from 1801-1900
• It was an Era of Revolution

Economic System

• The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade occurred in 1565 by voyage of Andres de Urdaneta
• The route was from the Pacific Ocean to Mexico
• An Augustinian friar created the return route from the Philippines to Mexico
• The route lasted until 1815 when the Mexican War of Independence began
• It was also considered a "Cultural Exchange"
• "Real Situado" was financial assistance from the Spanish government to the Philippines
• Two hundred and fifty pesos of aid was received annually by the Philippines
• Documents, laws, equipment and Spanish leaders and soldiers were brought by the Galleon from Spain
• Ships were sometimes attacked by Dutch or English pirates

Suez Canal

• An artificial waterway for ships and other types of vessels
• Located in Egypt, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
• It was opened to facilitate international trade and commerce

Change brought about

• The Philippines became a top exporter of products such as hemp, tobacco, and sugar cane
• Transportation was sped up
• Many banks lending to Filipino businessmen emerged in Manila
• Travel and exchange of products were expedited
• Assisted in improving the lives of Filipinos

Rise of the Ilustrados

• Those belonging to the middle class were those who studied in Europe and were called Ilustrado or "Enlightened".
• Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar and other Filipinos who promoted reform or change came from their ranks
• Monopoly, Falla, Polo Y Servicios and Bandala System were all economic systems imposed by the Spanish.
• Inquilinos were those who leased or sold lands sold to them by friars
• They served as managers of the lands owned by the friars and the rich

Social System

• The social – economic – political division.

Surname due to Narciso Claveria

• Surname due to labels
• List of name registration
• Name vs. Noun

Education Controlled by the Friars

• There was its own civilization in the history of the Filipinos before the Spaniards arrived
• Missionaries/friars expanded Christianity and interfered with the education
• Notes written on leaves, banakal and trees were burned because it was believed to be the creation of evil spirits
• The Christian Doctrine was established to teach about it within schools
• Rafael Palma stated that the aims and purposes of the whole method of education are clearly to plant and force into the mind the good through religious discipline, and to translate the knowledge of things in the world and nature, which they consider fleeting and changeable, into the things that apply to eternal life and to the wonderful things of the other world
• The first schools were parish schools or managed by priests.
• Children were taught religion, Spanish, writing, reading, arithmetic, music and livelihood.
• Secondary schools were also established to prepare students for higher education.
• The Jesuit and Dominican priests founded the colleges.
• The first college university for women: the College of Santa Potenciana, was established in 1594.
• Due to the increasing number of students, the friars also built town schools, which were compulsory and free to enter.
• Boys learned Spanish history, geography, farming, arithmetic, Christian doctrine, writing, singing and good manners
• Women, on the other hand, did embroidery, crocheting and cooking, which replaced farming, geography, and Spanish history
• The first university founded, the University of San Ignacio was founded by the Jesuit priests in 1589
• The Dominican friars founded the Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario in 1611, which later became the College of Santo Tomas in memory of the Dominican Thomas Aquinas in 1645.
• Due to the order of Pope Innocent X, the level of the College was raised and became a University
• The cruelty of the friars became more common because only the Spanish mestizos were allowed to study in the schools, colleges and universities and the door was closed to the Filipino people
• The King of Spain commanded that the Spanish language be taught to the Filipinos, what happened was that those in charge in the Philippines did not follow said ordinance
• Schools, colleges and universities were only opened to Filipinos in the second half of the 19th century.
• Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Cayetano Arellano, Apolinario Mabini and many others attended university

Rizal's Philosophies on Education

• Education is a right for all
• Education is a weapon for the advancement of nationalism
• Education can liberate people
• Education is a lamp of society
• The school is the foundation of society and society is the mirror of the school

Social system

• Language corresponded to social class
• The Friars dictated societal values
• Education was controlled by higher classes
• The native Filipino belief was demonized/ branded as heresy and/ or pagan.

Political System

• Centralized Government, dictated by the King of Spain

Spread of the Idea of ​​Liberalism in Europe

• Liberalism (Enlightenment).
  • Political system
    • Importance of freedom and equality
    • Unequal status of people in society
    • Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, who did not agree with the existing system monarchy
• Constitution of Cadiz in Spain
  • End the abuses caused by the conservative system existing in their country
  • Right to vote for men, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, freedom of speech, land reform, and free trade

Constitution of Cadiz in Spain

• Ventura Delos Reyes, a wealthy Filipino was elected as a representative. He requested the following:
  • Abolition of forced labor
  • Equality of citizens
  • Removal of monopolies including the Galleon trade
  • Establishment of free trade
  • Freedom of Speech, Press and Religion
• Effect:
  • The galleon trade was stopped
  • Mercantilism was replaced by free trade
  • An uprising broke out in Ilocos against the cancellation of the implementation of the constitution in the Philippines in 1815.
  • The spread of new awareness as a result of the enlightenment in Europe, especially among Filipinos belonging to the middle class who had the opportunity to study in Europe at the advent of the 19th century

National Problems

• Power of the Villages was with the friars and the unique form of Spanish government was born in the Philippines, the "Government of the friars" or frailocracy
  • Friars controlled the religious and educational Life of the Philippines
  • They also controlled politics, influence, and wealth
  • Outgrowth of evil friars
  • Secularization of the parishes
  • Corruption of the Governors General
  • The freedom of the Filipinos to speak, choose religion and so on was limited
• Discrimination and Agrarian Issues
  • The Indios discriminated against
  • Women discriminated against
  • Ownership of agricultural lands/Hacienda restricted
• 3. The Spanish maltreatment of the Filipinos
  • The friars controlled the religious Life and education of the Philippines
  • Civil Guard (Constabulary)
• 4. The litigation
  • Fraud in court
  • Prosecuting the innocent
  • Money laundering
  • Slow processing
  • Involvement in a case is a "Calamity"
• 5. The prohibition of Filipino assemblies
  • Those who fight the government are punished
  • Arsenal
• Reaction of the Filipinos to the Oppressive Rule of the Spaniards
  • Escape, Acceptance, Fight

The rise of nationalism

• Is a burning love and care for the native land and having a desire for the Motherland

Factors that promoted the feeling of Nationalism

• Opening of the Philippines to International Trade

  • A decree in 1789 partially opened Manila to international trade as authorizing the Campania Real de Pilipinas

• Establishment of a middle class society

  • They are called "Class Media" they became rich due to the progress of commerce and Agriculture
  • They compose the Principalia level in society, which started the request for change and defends the rights of the Filipinos

• Secularization Movement:

  • The secularization movement was established to defend the rights of secular priests in parishes
  • The regular vs. the secular
  • Regular priests belong to an order such as Dominican, Jesuit, Franciscan, etc.
  • The secular priest, however, does not belong to any order.

• Governor Carlos Maria Dela Torre:

  • Unbiased, and fair leader

• The Cavite uprising in 1872

• During the reign of Governor Rafael Izquierdo, his decrees became strict and caused hardship for the Filipinos

  • All Filipino workers in Cavite who did not pay annual taxes were deprived of their rights and livelihood
  • The strikers protested against the Spaniards

• Execution of the three martyred priests

  • The execution of the three Filipino priests, namely Padre Mariano Gomez, Padre Jose Burgos and Padre Jacinto Zamora by garrote is one of the most important factors in uniting the feelings of the Filipinos

The Actions of the Ilustrados and the Propaganda Movement

• A movement founded in Spain from 1872 to 1892 that aimed to request the Spanish government for reform in a peaceful manner

Objectives of the Propaganda Movement

1. Filipinos and Spaniards have equal rights
2. To make the Philippines a province of Spain
3. Philippines will have a representative of the Spanish Cortes
4. Secularization of parishes in the Philippines
5. Filipinos should be given the freedom of speech, the press, and assembly.
6. Filipinos should have the same rights as Spaniards so they can defend themselves against false accusations

La Solidaridad

• Publication of the Propaganda Movement
• Graciano Lopez Jaena was appointed editor of the publication, which released its first issue on February 15, 1889
• Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna, Jose Ma. Panganiban, were among those who promoted the Filipino ideal and some did not become enthusiastic towards the end
• They used different symbols (pen names, pseudonyms) so that they would not be recognized and save their relatives in case the Spaniards took revenge on them.

Objectives of La Solidaridad

1. To help in a peaceful manner to achieve changes in politics and society.
2. To expose the sad situation of the Filipinos in the country so that Spain can provide a solution
3. To hinder the bad influences of nepotism and conservatism in the management of the government.
4. To promote liberal ideas and the advancement of the country.
5. To fight for the legitimate aspirations of the Filipinos in life, democracy, and a peaceful and happy life.
6. To expose the undesirable habits of the friars and the perverted policies of the church.
7. Striving to encourage Filipinos towards unity.

La Solidaridad

• Graciano Lopez Jaena
  • was the first editor and wrote Fray Botod
    • who condemned the abuses of the Spanish friars
• Marcelo H. del Pilar
  • The second editor
  • used the pseudonym "Plaridel".
    • He founded and edited Diariong Tagalong in 1882, where he published the grievances and demands for the changes of the poor

Dr. Jose Rizal

• Who wrote the novel Noli Me Tangere where he discussed the wrong system of society that makes Filipinos suffer
• In his work El Filibusterismo, he discussed the activities of a revolutionary
• He used "Dimasalang" and "Laong-Laan".

Other writers

• Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang, Naning, at Kalipulako),
• Dominador Gomez (Romiro Franco),
• Antonio Luna (Tagailog)
• Jose Ma. Panganiban (Jomapa).
• For more than seven years, La Solidaridad was the voice in demanding reform
• Later, La Solidaridad closed down due to many obstacles it faced such as: lack of funds, lack of freedom of operation, and lack of unity among Filipinos
• Rizal realized that the movement would not be completely successful if the Filipinos were not united

La Solidaridad

• He also aimed to return to his homeland to unite the Filipinos
• La Liga Filipina
  • Dr. Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina on July 3, 1892 in the Philippines as a result of the failure of the Propaganda Movement in Spain to achieve its goals
  • A civic organization started by Rizal when he returned to the Philippines that aimed for change under the rule of the Spanish