Foundation part 3

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

What type of receptor is activated by acetylcholine in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

What is the role of norepinephrine in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

What is the major function of smooth muscle?

Which type of muscle has striations and multiple nuclei?

Which mode of control is associated with the autonomic nervous system?

What is the major location of cardiac muscle?

Which protein anchors the tail of myosin to form the M-line in the sarcomere?

What is the role of Titin in the sarcomere?

Which structure in the sarcomere is responsible for the sliding of actin and myosin filaments during muscle contraction?

Which protein binds to tropomyosin and calcium in the sarcomere?

What is the structure formed by two actin strands folding into a double helix?

Which type of actin protein is globular in shape?

What is the function of the alkaline light chain in myosin II?

Which component of myosin II is responsible for the sliding of actin and myosin filaments during muscle contraction?

Which ion has an increased permeability at the end of the motor neurone during NMJ synaptic transmission?

What is released at the motor end-plate during NMJ synaptic transmission?

Which receptors does Ach bind to at the motor end-plate during NMJ synaptic transmission?

Which structure in the muscle fiber releases calcium ions during muscle action potential?

What is the role of T-tubules in muscle action potential?

Which type of calcium channel is found on the t-tubule sarcolemma?

What is the process called when calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum due to the presence of calcium ions?

What happens to troponin I during skeletal muscle contraction?

Which step in cross bridge cycling occurs after ATP hydrolysis?

What is the main function of the sodium-calcium exchanger in muscle relaxation?

What is the role of ATP in the whole process of muscle contraction and relaxation?

Which protein is responsible for the sliding of actin and myosin filaments during muscle contraction?

What is being triggered for muscle contraction?

Which type of muscle is also known as striated muscle?

Which neurotransmitter is released by post ganglionic sympathetic nerves to innervate smooth muscle cells?

Which type of smooth muscle organization allows cells to act independently from one another?

Which type of smooth muscle organization allows cells to communicate through gap junctions?

Which type of muscle is characterized by slow contraction and can contract spontaneously at a basal level?

What type of muscle is characterized by fast contraction and contractions that are specifically controlled by ANS input?

Which type of muscle requires distinct action potentials and ligand-gated Ca2+ channels for its contractions?

Which type of muscle is found in the iris of the eye and is characterized by fast contractions?

Which of the following hormones is released from the adrenal gland on the kidney and acts on specific receptors on smooth muscle cells?

Which of the following is true about the structure of a relaxed smooth muscle cell?

What happens when the filaments in a smooth muscle cell contract?

During muscle contraction, actin moves across myosin filaments and the filaments shorten. What is the source of energy that is required for this mechanism of contraction?

Which protein attaches to actin, moves, and pulls actin during muscle contraction?

What is the role of the external lamina during muscle contraction?

Which type of muscle cells initiate spontaneous electrical activity?

What is the calcium sensor in smooth muscle cells?

Which type of calcium channels are responsible for voltage-dependent calcium entry in smooth muscle cells?

Which step in smooth muscle contraction is directly responsible for promoting actin/myosin interaction?

What is the main function of Calmodulin (CM) in smooth muscle contraction?

What is the role of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in smooth muscle contraction?

Which of the following is NOT a step in smooth muscle relaxation?

What happens when cytoplasmic Ca2+ decreases in smooth muscle cells?

What is the latch phase in smooth muscle contraction?

Which type of muscle is characterized by striations, a single nucleus, and contractions that are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

Which of the following is true about drug distribution in the body?

What happens to protein-bound drugs in the blood?

Which factor greatly affects the bioavailability of a drug?

Which route of administration bypasses the GI tract?

Which pharmaceutical factor can be used to manipulate the time course of drug response?

Which type of pharmaceutical formulation is used for slow-onset/acting effects?

Which external factor can affect drug response?

Which type of drug formulation is commonly used for eye and nasal applications?

What percentage of a tablet is typically composed of fillers like lubricants, binders, and starch?

Which part of the digestive tract can be targeted for drug release by using special coatings on tablets?

What is the purpose of compounds like bicarbonate in tablet formulations?

Which type of drug formulation is commonly used for intravenous administration?

Which family of enzymes contributes to approximately 75% of drug Phase 1 metabolism?

What factors can affect the activities or levels of Cytochrome P450 enzymes?

What are substrates in the context of drug metabolism?

What are inhibitors in the context of drug metabolism?

What are inducers in the context of drug metabolism?

Which of the following is a key difference between bacterial cells and human cells in terms of genetic material?

What is the role of the cell wall in bacterial cells?

Which of the following is true about the structure of bacterial cells?

What is the function of pili in bacterial cells?

Which type of bacterial cell has a single-layered, smooth cell wall and is very susceptible to antibiotics?

Which component is present in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria but not in Gram-negative bacteria?

Which type of bacterial cell has a double-layered, wavy cell wall and is very resistant to antibiotics?

Which component is present in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria but not in Gram-positive bacteria?

Which type of bacterial cell has a thicker cell wall?

Which type of toxin is released from viable bacteria and has a more localized site of action?

Which component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane is responsible for the profound biologic effects on the host and may be lethal?

Which type of toxin inhibits protein synthesis in many cell types?

Which type of toxin acts on motor neurons, preventing the release of acetylcholine at the myoneural junctions and producing flaccid paralysis?

Which type of toxin is a structural component of the bacterial cell and is not easily destroyed by heat?

Which type of exotoxin causes watery diarrhea by stimulating hypersecretion of water and electrolytes from the intestinal epithelium?

Which type of exotoxin perturbs cell functions, inflammatory response, and/or activates neurologic control mechanisms, affecting water and electrolyte transport?

Which exotoxin causes abdominal cramping by disturbing normal smooth muscle contraction?

Which exotoxin causes cell destruction?

Which exotoxin is associated with Shigella species and isolates of E. coli?

Which method can be used to detect microbial antigens in clinical specimens?

What is the characteristic of beta haemolysis on blood agar culture?

Which method is known for its low sensitivity in detecting streptococcal infections?

What is the main component of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria?

Which component of a viral particle is responsible for attaching to host cells?

Which type of viral nucleic acid can be either single-stranded or double-stranded?

What are the additional distinct features that some viruses may have?

Which type of virus structure is represented by the poliovirus?

Which type of virus structure is represented by the tobacco mosaic virus?

Which type of virus structure is represented by the herpes virus?

Which component of a virus is responsible for attaching to and infecting a new cell?

How do enveloped viruses acquire their envelope?

What is the function of matrix proteins in a virus?

Which factors can influence the composition of normal flora in the human body?

How do neonates delivered through normal vaginal delivery acquire their first microbes?

What is the main difference in the development of normal flora between neonates delivered through normal vaginal delivery and those delivered through caesarean section?

Which type of bacteria are typically acquired by neonates delivered through normal vaginal delivery?

How can diet affect the composition of normal flora in adults?

Which of the following is a function of the intestinal microflora?

Which of the following is a function of the genital tract microflora in females?

What happens when homeostasis is disrupted due to the presence of pathogens?

Which of the following is a characteristic of commensal bacteria in the microbial flora at an epithelium?

What is the role of lactobacillus species in the female genital tract?

Which of the following is a characteristic of non-pathogenic bacteria?

What is the measure of the pathogenicity of an organism?

Which of the following is NOT a category of virulence factors possessed by pathogens?

What is the main difference between pathogens and non-pathogens?

What is the capacity of a bacterium to cause disease called from the point of view of the host?

Which mode of transmission is classified as direct spread and involves the transmission of infectious agents through relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or talking?

Which mode of transmission involves the transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms?

Which mode of transmission is classified as indirect and involves the transmission of infectious agents through the air over long distances?

Which of the following is an example of indirect transmission of an infectious agent?

What are droplet nuclei?

Which of the following is an example of vehicle transmission?

Which infectious agent can be suspended in the air and transmitted from one person to another in a physician's office?

Which of the following is an example of a fomite?

Which of the following is an example of biologic transmission?

What is the main principle of infection control to prevent transmission?

Which of the following vectors carries an infectious agent through purely mechanical means?

Which type of infection is caused by the actions or treatments of a health care provider?

Which type of infection is the most common in health care facilities?

Which type of infection presents with an infection at the health care service and has no history of being treated in the same facility?

Which of the following is NOT a basic level of precaution in standard precautions?

What is the recommended practice for handling sharp reusable instruments or equipment?

Which of the following is NOT an additional (transmission-based) precaution?

What should be done with needles after use to prevent injuries?

Which of the following is NOT included in the work practices essential for providing a high level of protection?

Which criteria are used to classify viruses into major groups or families?

Which group does the Coronavirus belong to?

What are the minimal characteristics that comply with viral classification?

Which class of Baltimore's classification is responsible for the production of dsRNA?

Which class of Baltimore's classification is responsible for the production of ss(+)RNA?

Which class of Baltimore's classification replicates via reverse transcription (RT)?

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing more RNA from an RNA template in a virus with an RNA genome?

Where does replication occur in the cell for a coronavirus with an RNA genome?

Which type of virus carries its own viral RNA polymerase?

Which enzyme is responsible for converting RNA to DNA in a virus with an RNA genome that needs to integrate into host DNA?

Which virus integrates its provirus into the host genome?

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a complementary DNA (cDNA) copy from an RNA template?

During the viral replication cycle, when does the synthesis of structural viral proteins occur?

Which type of viral genome is present in the HIV provirus during the viral replication cycle?

In the viral replication cycle, what is the function of the RNAse H activity of Reverse Transcriptase (RT)?

Which step of the viral replication cycle involves the replication of the DNA genome followed by the transcription of virus late mRNAs?

How does the life cycle of HIV virus differ from that of the vaccinia virus?

Which virus carries its own RNA polymerase?

Which class of Baltimore's classification does the HIV virus belong to?

Which shape of bacteria is characterized by a rod or bacillus shape?

Which shape of bacteria is characterized by a spiral shape?

Which shape of bacteria is characterized by a round shape?

Which staining technique is the most important for distinguishing bacteria based on the composition of their cell envelope?

Which color is associated with Gram-negative bacteria after performing the gram stain?

Which color is associated with Gram-positive bacteria after performing the gram stain?

What are bacterial endospores?

Which conditions can bacterial endospores survive?

What are the dormant forms of the cell formed by certain bacteria called?

Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing cholera?

Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing syphilis?

Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing meningitis and pneumonia?

Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing food poisoning and wound infections?

Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing strep throat and scarlet fever?