The Origin of Species: Barnes 2018 Summary

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What is the main goal of the lesson on Intellectual Revolutions?

To discuss the scientific revolution in various parts of the world

To explore the relationship between science and religion in seventeenth-century England

To articulate how society is transformed by science and technology (correct)

To analyze the impact of Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud on scientific development

What does science as an idea encompass?

Technological innovations in modern society

Observations and methods about the natural world (correct)

Historical perspectives on scientific discoveries

Solutions to environmental problems

Which individuals' ideas are mentioned as contributing to the spark of the scientific revolution?

Bohr, Pasteur, Mendel

Tesla, Curie, Hawking

Galileo, Newton, Einstein

Copernicus, Darwin, Freud (correct)

What does postulated mean in the context of the text?

Formally proposed or assumed true Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe humans' approach to seeking answers about their environment?

By using concrete ideas and explanations Signup and view all the answers

In what century did the early scientific community achieve notable advancements in England according to the text?

Seventeenth-century Signup and view all the answers

According to Darwin's argument, which concept is considered inferior to natural selection in explaining the diversity of life?

Special creation by God Signup and view all the answers

What did Darwin suggest as a way to understand the ancestry and relationships of organisms?

Classifying organisms based on their characters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phenomena did Darwin claim can be explained by evolution through natural selection?

The presence of useless or vestigial organs in organisms Signup and view all the answers

Why did Darwin consider the theory of natural selection superior to special creation in explaining the diversity of life?

It can account for the presence of useless or vestigial organs Signup and view all the answers

In what way does Darwin suggest that biologists organize species into groups?

According to their characters Signup and view all the answers

Which argument did Darwin make about observing the development of embryos in relation to natural selection?

Embryos start by resembling each other but then diverge during development Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Charcot's work in neurology?

Analyzing the causes of hysteria Signup and view all the answers

How did Freud's understanding of hysteria differ from the prevalent belief at the time?

He believed hysteria had psychological, not just physiological, causes Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method Freud initially used to treat hysteria?

Hypnosis Signup and view all the answers

In what city did Freud start his clinical practice in neuropsychology?

Berggasse, Austria Signup and view all the answers

What did Breuer believe was the root cause of hysteria according to his paper 'Studies in Hysteria'?

Forgotten traumas and undischarged emotional energy Signup and view all the answers

How long did Freud use his consulting room in Berggasse for?

Almost fifty years Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an individual remains fixated on the Anal or Phallic stages according to the text?

The individual will struggle with further repression and defenses Signup and view all the answers

What does a person mature into during the described stage according to the text?

A reality-oriented socialized adult Signup and view all the answers

What is supposed to happen after a male child realizes the father's power according to the text?

The Oedipus complex is officially resolved Signup and view all the answers

How does a male child typically feel about the father during the Oedipus complex according to the text?

Fear of castration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in instinctual urge between the Phallic Stage and masturbation in the immature Genital period according to the text?

Subjectivity vs. objectivity Signup and view all the answers

What does a female infant experience in relation to the Oedipus complex compared to a male infant based on the text?

A more complex situation Signup and view all the answers

What principle is important to account for the annual motion of the earth not being detected by observing the stars?

Stellar parallax is too tiny to be measured. Signup and view all the answers

What does Copernicus attribute the apparent motions in heaven's vault to?

Motions of the earth. Signup and view all the answers

According to Copernicus, where do the apparent motions belonging to the sun come from?

The earth and its spherical shell. Signup and view all the answers

What does Copernicus claim accounts for many apparent irregularities in the heavens?

Motion of the earth. Signup and view all the answers

Why does Copernicus emphasize that the earth has more than one motion?

To explain the daily rotation on its axis. Signup and view all the answers

What did Copernicus mean when he said, 'So vast, without any question, is the divine handiwork of the Almighty Creator'?

He was acknowledging God's grandeur in creation. Signup and view all the answers