61 Questions
What is the name of the hypothesis that suggests planets were formed out of a cloud of material associated with a youthful sun?
Nebular Hypothesis
Who revised Immanuel Kant's hypothesis in 1796?
Carl Weizascar
What did the solar nebula surrounding the sun mostly contain?
Hydrogen and Helium
Which two scientists proposed a revised version of the 'nebular hypothesis' in 1950?
Otto Schmidt and Carl Weizascar
What process led to the formation of a disk-shaped cloud according to the text?
Accretion
Which philosopher initially proposed a large number of hypotheses regarding the origin of the Earth?
Immanuel Kant
When did the process of photosynthesis evolve?
2,500-3,000 million years before present
Where was life confined to for a long time?
Oceans
What began to flood the atmosphere 2,000 million years ago?
Oxygen
How do modern scientists refer to the origin of life?
As a chemical reaction generating complex organic molecules
Where is the record of life that existed on this planet found?
In rocks as fossils
What is the most popular argument regarding the origin of the universe?
The Big Bang Theory
According to Edwin Hubble's evidence, what did he observe about the universe?
The universe is expanding
What does the expanding universe hypothesis suggest according to the text?
The galaxies themselves are expanding
At what temperature did atomic matter first begin to form in the universe according to the text?
$4,500$ K
What concept did Fred Hoyle propose as an alternative to the Big Bang Theory?
Steady State Theory
What process gives rise to the formation of stars within a galaxy?
Contraction of gas clouds
What is believed to have taken place around 5-6 billion years ago according to the text?
Formation of stars
What are planetesimals according to the text?
Small-rounded objects that develop into planets
What causes larger bodies to form in the early stages of planet development?
Matter condensation and collisions
What did Edwin Hubble observe about galaxies as time passes?
They move further apart
During the formation of the Earth, which material moved towards the surface due to differences in density?
Iron
What is the outermost layer of the Earth's structure called?
Crust
How old are the Earth's oceans believed to be?
4,000 million years
What is the main contributor to the present composition of Earth's atmosphere?
Nitrogen and oxygen
How did the Earth's atmosphere evolve according to the text?
By degassing from the interior solid earth
What process led to the formation of the Earth's oceans?
Rainwater condensation in depressions
What was the early atmosphere of Earth primarily composed of?
Hydrogen and helium
What initiated the process of evolution of the present atmosphere?
Release of gases and water vapour from interior solid Earth
What allowed heavier materials like iron to sink towards the center of the Earth during its initial stages?
Gradual increase in density
Which part of Earth's structure has the highest density material?
Inner core
What is believed to be the initial trigger for the evolution of life on Earth?
Chemical reaction generating complex organic molecules
Where can the record of life that existed on Earth in different periods be found?
In rocks as fossils
What event is believed to have taken place around 3,800 million years ago?
Evolution of life
When did oxygen start to flood the Earth's atmosphere, according to the text?
2,000 million years ago
What enabled inanimate matter to be converted into living substance according to modern scientists referenced in the text?
Chemical reaction generating complex organic molecules
Where were structures closely related to the present form of blue algae found in geological formations?
In rocks much older than 3,000 million years
What is the name of the hypothesis proposed by Immanuel Kant and revised by Laplace in 1796 regarding the origin of the planets?
Nebular Hypothesis
Who were the scientists that somewhat revised the 'nebular hypothesis' in 1950, differing in details from the original proposal?
Otto Schmidt and Carl Weizascar
What did the 'nebular hypothesis' propose as the main composition of the solar nebula surrounding the youthful sun?
Mostly hydrogen and helium with dust
Which philosopher initially put forth a large number of hypotheses about the origin of the Earth before Immanuel Kant's proposition gained popularity?
Aristotle
What was the process through which planets were believed to have formed according to the 'nebular hypothesis'?
Accretion from a rotating cloud of material around a youthful sun
What is the name of the event that scientists believe took place 13.7 billion years before the present?
The Big Bang
What did scientists observe about galaxies based on Edwin Hubble's evidence?
They are expanding.
What did the alternative concept of Hoyle's steady state theory propose?
Unchanging universe at any point of time.
During the formation of galaxies, what initial density differences gave rise to gravitational forces?
Uneven distribution of matter.
What is believed to have been converted into matter as the universe expanded?
Energy
What was the initial form of all matter in the universe according to the Big Bang Theory?
"Tiny ball" with infinite density
What is the main contributor to the development of galaxies during their formation?
"Gravitational forces"
How did the formation of stars within a galaxy primarily occur?
"Fusion of gases"
What process led to the formation of larger bodies in the early stages of planet development?
"Gas condensation"
"Planetesimals" in planet formation are described as:
"Small-rounded objects"
How did the earth evolve from a barren, rocky, and hot object into a beautiful planet with ample water and conducive atmosphere?
As a result of gradual increase in density leading to the separation of materials based on density
What is the main contributor to the present composition of Earth's atmosphere?
Nitrogen
How old are the Earth's oceans believed to be?
3,800 million years
What process led to the evolution of Earth's atmosphere?
Volcanic eruptions
What was the early Earth's atmosphere primarily composed of?
Hydrogen and helium
What allowed iron and other heavy materials to sink towards the center of the Earth during its initial stages?
Gradual increase in density
How did the Earth's oceans form?
By the degassing process releasing water vapor from the interior solid Earth
'Evolution of Atmosphere and Hydrosphere' discusses three stages in the evolution of the present atmosphere. Which one contributed to the modification of the atmosphere through photosynthesis?
'Living world' stage
What was instrumental in the development of Earth's layered structure?
The gradual increase in density inside Earth.
Explore the fascinating world of stars and the universe with this chapter. Learn about the origin of stars, the evolution of the Earth, and ponder upon questions about space and beyond.
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