The Optic Array Concept

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According to J. J. Gibson, what is the optic array?

The collection of light rays interacting with objects in the viewer's world.

In the context of motion perception, how is optic flow defined?

TThe changing angular position of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world

When an observer moves within a scene, what does the term 'optic flow' refer to?

The apparent motion of objects in the visual field as an observer moves through or within a scene.

Which of the following best describes the center of our vision in the context of motion perception?

<p>The center of optic flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of information does changing the location of objects relative to the center of the optic flow field provide to an observer?

<p>Information about the observer's direction of movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does optic flow result from the relative motion between the observer and elements in the visual scene?

<p>Objects closer to the observer move faster in the opposite direction of the observer's movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'focus of expansion' in motion perception?

<p>A point in a visual scene where all motion appears to converge or radiate from when the observer is in motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 'focus of expansion' (FOE) in motion perception?

<p>It helps the observer determine their heading and direction of motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'focus of expansion' contribute to navigation and direction perception?

<p>It indicates forward motion when moving towards the center of the visual field and backward motion when moving away from the center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes biological motion perception?

<p>The perception and recognition of movements and actions of living beings based on their motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes biological motion perception?

<p>Recognizing complex motion patterns without relying on fine-grained details.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement 'we are sophisticated at using motion to represent characteristics of what we're looking at in a coarse sense' mean?

<p>We can interpret characteristics based on motion without needing fine details.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be recognized from the pattern of movement in biological motion?

<p>c. Gender, animal species, and mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is associated with the processing of biological motion?

<p>b. Superior temporal sulcus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Time to Contact (TTC) in the context of motion perception?

<p>b. The estimated time until a moving object reaches a certain point of collision or proximity with another object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct method for calculating Time to Contact (TTC)?

<p>c. By dividing the distance to the collision point by the relative velocity between the moving object and the reference point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Tau (τ) represent in the context of time-to-contact estimation?

<p>c. A dimensionless ratio of the size of a retinal image of an object to the rate of change of the size of the retinal image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the tau ratio used by the brain?

<p>d. To estimate the time it will take for a moving object to reach another object or observer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge faced by the visual system in motion perception?

<p>Distinguishing between motion on the retina due to eye movements and motion on the retina due to moving objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is 'retinal movement' defined in the context of motion perception?

<p>Objects moving on the retina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is necessary for an object to be perceived as moving?

<p>a. When there is retinal movement and no eye movement, and vice versa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is an object perceived as stationary?

<p>b. When there is no eye movement and no retinal movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if there is both eye movement and retinal movement?

<p>a. An object is perceived as stationary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of eye movement involves the smooth following of a moving target?

<p>d. Smooth pursuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a saccade?

<p>d. It is a rapid change in fixation from one object or location to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do the two eyes move in opposite directions in the context of eye movements?

<p>d. During vergence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes reflexive eye movements?

<p>They are automatic and involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is saccadic suppression?

<p>The reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs during and before saccadic eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of saccadic suppression in the context of eye movements?

<p>To stabilize the visual world by preventing blurring during rapid eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a way in which the visual system compensates for eye movements to maintain the stability of the visual world?

<p>By shifting receptive fields of neurons in the parietal cortex toward the point of fixation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the receptive fields of neurons when a saccade is executed?

<p>They are already processing information from the new location before the eye lands there.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the parietal cortex, where do the receptive fields of neurons also shift inward toward the new point of fixation?

<p>Frontal eye fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of saccades?

<p>They tend to focus on 'interesting' points in an object or scene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the movements of the eye controlled?

<p>By the contraction and relaxation of six eye muscles arranged in three pairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a pair of eye muscles involved in controlling eye movements?

<p>Posterior Rectus Muscle and Anterior Oblique Muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is important for initiating and guiding eye movements?

<p>Superior colliculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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