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Questions and Answers
What does the nervous system control and integrate?
What does the nervous system control and integrate?
The activities of the other systems.
What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?
What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?
The neuron (nerve cell).
According to the number of processes (nerve fibers), what are the types of neurons? (Select all that apply)
According to the number of processes (nerve fibers), what are the types of neurons? (Select all that apply)
What type of neuron carries impulses away from the Central nervous system?
What type of neuron carries impulses away from the Central nervous system?
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What type of neuron carries impulses toward the CNS?
What type of neuron carries impulses toward the CNS?
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What is the function of interneurons?
What is the function of interneurons?
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What is a collection of cell bodies inside the CNS called?
What is a collection of cell bodies inside the CNS called?
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What is a bundle of nerve fibers outside the CNS called?
What is a bundle of nerve fibers outside the CNS called?
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What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
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What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system?
What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system?
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What is the CNS protected by?
What is the CNS protected by?
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What are the three layers of meninges that cover the CNS?
What are the three layers of meninges that cover the CNS?
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What is the space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater called?
What is the space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater called?
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What are the two main components of the CNS structure?
What are the two main components of the CNS structure?
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What is the space between the arachnoid mater and dura mater called?
What is the space between the arachnoid mater and dura mater called?
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What is the space between the dura mater and the bone called?
What is the space between the dura mater and the bone called?
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The brain has lymph.
The brain has lymph.
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What are the three main parts of the brain stem?
What are the three main parts of the brain stem?
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The brain stem connects the spinal cord with higher centers in the cerebrum and cerebellum.
The brain stem connects the spinal cord with higher centers in the cerebrum and cerebellum.
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How many cranial nerves are attached to the brain stem?
How many cranial nerves are attached to the brain stem?
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The brain stem is the site of some vital centers, such as the respiratory center and the sleeping system.
The brain stem is the site of some vital centers, such as the respiratory center and the sleeping system.
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The spinal cord is generally cylindrical in shape and about 45 cm in length.
The spinal cord is generally cylindrical in shape and about 45 cm in length.
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Where does the spinal cord begin?
Where does the spinal cord begin?
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What are the two anterior horns of the spinal cord H shape containing?
What are the two anterior horns of the spinal cord H shape containing?
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The spinal cord is functionally divided into 31 segments.
The spinal cord is functionally divided into 31 segments.
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Each segment of the spinal cord gives attachment to one pair of spinal nerves.
Each segment of the spinal cord gives attachment to one pair of spinal nerves.
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What are the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What are the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
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What are peripheral nerves composed of?
What are peripheral nerves composed of?
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What are the three types of peripheral nerves? (Select all that apply)
What are the three types of peripheral nerves? (Select all that apply)
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What type of nerve fibers do motor nerves contain?
What type of nerve fibers do motor nerves contain?
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Most peripheral nerves are mixed.
Most peripheral nerves are mixed.
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Each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord on each side.
Each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord on each side.
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How many roots does each spinal nerve arise from?
How many roots does each spinal nerve arise from?
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What does the anterior (ventral) root of a spinal nerve carry?
What does the anterior (ventral) root of a spinal nerve carry?
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What does the posterior (dorsal) root of a spinal nerve carry?
What does the posterior (dorsal) root of a spinal nerve carry?
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What is formed when the two roots of a spinal nerve unite?
What is formed when the two roots of a spinal nerve unite?
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Where does the nerve trunk exit?
Where does the nerve trunk exit?
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What are the two main branches of the nerve trunk?
What are the two main branches of the nerve trunk?
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What type of fibers do both the ventral and dorsal rami contain?
What type of fibers do both the ventral and dorsal rami contain?
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What structures does the dorsal ramus supply?
What structures does the dorsal ramus supply?
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All dorsal rami supply the skin.
All dorsal rami supply the skin.
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T1-T12 & L1,2 ventral rami send white ramus communicans (preganglionic sympathetic fibers) to sympathetic ganglia.
T1-T12 & L1,2 ventral rami send white ramus communicans (preganglionic sympathetic fibers) to sympathetic ganglia.
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Each ventral ramus receives gray ramus communicans (postganglionic sympathetic fibers) from sympathetic ganglia.
Each ventral ramus receives gray ramus communicans (postganglionic sympathetic fibers) from sympathetic ganglia.
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What does the cervical plexus communicate to form?
What does the cervical plexus communicate to form?
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What does the brachial plexus communicate to form?
What does the brachial plexus communicate to form?
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What do the ventral rami of T1-T12 run individually to form?
What do the ventral rami of T1-T12 run individually to form?
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What does the lumbar plexus communicate to form?
What does the lumbar plexus communicate to form?
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What does the coccygeal plexus communicate to form?
What does the coccygeal plexus communicate to form?
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All ventral rami share a plexus except for the thoracic ventral rami.
All ventral rami share a plexus except for the thoracic ventral rami.
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There are 12 cranial nerves on each side, numbered with Roman numerals.
There are 12 cranial nerves on each side, numbered with Roman numerals.
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The first and second cranial nerves attach to the cerebrum.
The first and second cranial nerves attach to the cerebrum.
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The third through twelfth cranial nerves attach to the brain stem.
The third through twelfth cranial nerves attach to the brain stem.
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What is the function of the olfactory nerve?
What is the function of the olfactory nerve?
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What is the function of the optic nerve?
What is the function of the optic nerve?
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The oculomotor nerve is considered a motor nerve.
The oculomotor nerve is considered a motor nerve.
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The trochlear nerve is sensory only.
The trochlear nerve is sensory only.
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What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?
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The abducens nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.
The abducens nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.
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The facial nerve is only a motor nerve.
The facial nerve is only a motor nerve.
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What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
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The glossopharyngeal nerve is purely sensory.
The glossopharyngeal nerve is purely sensory.
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The vagus nerve is the most important parasympathetic nerve in the body.
The vagus nerve is the most important parasympathetic nerve in the body.
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The accessory nerve is responsible for all upper limb muscles.
The accessory nerve is responsible for all upper limb muscles.
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The hypoglossal nerve is responsible for controlling all tongue muscles.
The hypoglossal nerve is responsible for controlling all tongue muscles.
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Study Notes
The Nervous System
- The nervous system controls and integrates the activities of other systems.
- It enables survival by maintaining internal balance (homeostasis) and adapting to the external environment.
- The fundamental unit is the neuron (nerve cell).
Types of Neurons (Structural Classification)
- Multipolar: Multiple dendrites receive input, a single axon transmits output.
- Bipolar: One dendrite and one axon.
- Pseudounipolar: Single process branches into a peripheral (dendrite-like) and a central (axon-like) branch.
Types of Neurons (Functional Classification)
- Motor (efferent): Transmit impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS), typically multipolar.
- Sensory (afferent): Transmit impulses toward the CNS, typically pseudounipolar.
- Interneurons: Connect neurons within the CNS, coordinating their activity.
Components of the Nervous System
- Nucleus: Collection of neuron cell bodies within the CNS (gray matter).
- Ganglion: Collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS.
- Nerve: Bundle of nerve fibers (processes of neurons) outside the CNS.
- Tract: Bundle of nerve fibers within the CNS.
Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs).
Functional Divisions of the Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements (e.g., muscle contraction).
CNS Protection and Structure
- The CNS is protected by bones (skull and vertebrae).
- Surrounded by three meninges: pia mater (inner), arachnoid mater (middle), and dura mater (outer).
- The subarachnoid space between pia and arachnoid contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Grey matter: nerve cell bodies
- White matter: myelinated nerve fibers
Brain Structure
- The brain is composed of cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
- The cerebrum has two hemispheres.
- The cerebellum has two hemispheres.
- The brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata) connects cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
Brain Stem Function
- Connects the spinal cord with higher brain centers (cerebrum and cerebellum).
- Houses nuclei for 10 cranial nerves.
- Contains vital centers, e.g., respiratory and cardiovascular.
Spinal Cord Structure
- Cylindrical shape; extends from the brain stem to the lumbar region of the spine (L1).
- White matter surrounds the grey matter formed in an H-shape.
- Anterior (ventral) horns contain motor neurons.
- Posterior (dorsal) horns contain sensory neurons.
Spinal Cord Function
- Transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
- Relays information between adjacent segments.
- Coordinates reflexes.
Spinal Nerves
- 31 pairs emerge from the spinal cord.
- Divided into segments (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal).
- Each segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Comprised of nerves originating from the CNS extending to the body.
- Cranial Nerves (12 pairs): Connect brain to the structures of the head and neck.
- Spinal Nerves (31 pairs): Connect spinal cord to the body.
Peripheral Nerve Structure
- Bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by connective tissue sheaths.
- Types: Motor (only axons of motor neurons), sensory (only axons of sensory neurons), mixed (both).
Course of Ventral Rami (Spinal Nerves)
- Branches of spinal nerves that form plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal) to supply body regions.
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Description
Explore the essential functions and structure of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about various types of neurons and their roles in transmitting impulses. Understand how the nervous system maintains homeostasis and adapts to the environment.
