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Questions and Answers
What are the main subdivisions of the nervous system?
What are the main subdivisions of the nervous system?
Which structure is part of the central nervous system?
Which structure is part of the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of sensory receptors?
What is the primary function of sensory receptors?
What is a ganglion?
What is a ganglion?
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What type of division is responsible for transmitting signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
What type of division is responsible for transmitting signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
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What does the motor, or efferent division of the PNS do?
What does the motor, or efferent division of the PNS do?
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Where are cranial nerves most directly connected?
Where are cranial nerves most directly connected?
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Which statement about the nervous system and the endocrine system is true?
Which statement about the nervous system and the endocrine system is true?
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What are the anterior and inferior portions of the cerebrum referred to as?
What are the anterior and inferior portions of the cerebrum referred to as?
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What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
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Which type of cells is NOT mentioned as being present in the cerebral cortex?
Which type of cells is NOT mentioned as being present in the cerebral cortex?
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What does the cerebral medulla consist of?
What does the cerebral medulla consist of?
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Which structure is the largest commissural tract in the brain?
Which structure is the largest commissural tract in the brain?
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Where does the internal capsule lie within the brain?
Where does the internal capsule lie within the brain?
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What type of tracts make up the white matter connecting different parts of a cerebral hemisphere?
What type of tracts make up the white matter connecting different parts of a cerebral hemisphere?
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Which of the following statements is true about the thickness of the cerebral cortex?
Which of the following statements is true about the thickness of the cerebral cortex?
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What division of the motor system controls voluntary muscle movements?
What division of the motor system controls voluntary muscle movements?
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Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
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Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located?
Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located?
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What term describes the synapse between a neuron and a skeletal muscle cell?
What term describes the synapse between a neuron and a skeletal muscle cell?
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Which of the following describes a plexus?
Which of the following describes a plexus?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the definition of a nerve?
What is the definition of a nerve?
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Which statement is true about the functions of the nervous system?
Which statement is true about the functions of the nervous system?
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What structure continues from the end of the spinal cord and fuses with the coccyx?
What structure continues from the end of the spinal cord and fuses with the coccyx?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four ventricles of the brain?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four ventricles of the brain?
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Which anatomical feature separates the right and left lateral ventricles?
Which anatomical feature separates the right and left lateral ventricles?
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Where is the third ventricle located in relation to the lateral ventricles?
Where is the third ventricle located in relation to the lateral ventricles?
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Which canal connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?
Which canal connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?
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What is the shape of the fourth ventricle?
What is the shape of the fourth ventricle?
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What are arachnoid villi responsible for?
What are arachnoid villi responsible for?
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Cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space through openings in the roof of which ventricle?
Cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space through openings in the roof of which ventricle?
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What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
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What type of input does the cerebellum use for maintaining posture and balance?
What type of input does the cerebellum use for maintaining posture and balance?
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What would likely happen if the cerebellum is damaged?
What would likely happen if the cerebellum is damaged?
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Where does the spinal cord begin?
Where does the spinal cord begin?
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What is a lumbar puncture used for?
What is a lumbar puncture used for?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between the spinal cord and the brain?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the spinal cord and the brain?
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What is the approximate length of the spinal cord in adults?
What is the approximate length of the spinal cord in adults?
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What type of reflex activities can occur independently of the brain?
What type of reflex activities can occur independently of the brain?
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What type of muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
What type of muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter is used at both synapses in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is used at both synapses in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Where do preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate?
Where do preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate?
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How many efferent neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system pathways?
How many efferent neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system pathways?
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What physiological process predominates with increased parasympathetic activity?
What physiological process predominates with increased parasympathetic activity?
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What part of the nervous system controls glandular secretions?
What part of the nervous system controls glandular secretions?
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What is the function of the autonomic ganglion in the pathway of autonomic nerves?
What is the function of the autonomic ganglion in the pathway of autonomic nerves?
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Study Notes
The Nervous System
- The nervous system detects and responds to changes inside and outside the body.
- It coordinates and controls vital body functions, maintaining homeostasis.
- The nervous system reacts quickly, while endocrine responses are slower.
- Humans have one nervous system, with subdivisions.
- The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The brain is housed within the skull.
- The spinal cord is located within the spinal canal, formed by vertebrae.
- The brain and spinal cord connect at the foramen magnum.
Development of Central Nervous System
- The early embryo has three regions: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
- These develop into specific segments at later stages.
- Telencephalon differentiates into the cerebrum.
- Diencephalon differentiates into thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.
- Midbrain (mesencephalon) remains the midbrain.
- Metencephalon develops into pons and cerebellum.
- Myelencephalon develops into medulla oblongata.
- Specific functions are related to each region's development.
Divisions and Functions of the Brain
- Brainstem: Connects spinal cord to cerebrum, including medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
- Crucial roles in vital functions like heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting.
- Cerebellum: Coordinates body movements, muscle tone, and balance. Plays a role in learning motor skills.
- Diencephalon: Contains the thalamus (relay center for sensory signals), subthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.
- Crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis.
- Cerebrum: Involved in conscious thought, memory, and voluntary motor activity. Divided into lobes.
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS is external to the CNS.
- It comprises sensory receptors, nerves, ganglia, and plexuses.
- Sensory receptors detect stimuli (e.g. temperature, touch).
- Nerves bundle axons and their sheaths. Connect CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands.
- Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
- Plexuses are networks of axons and/or neuron cell bodies outside the CNS.
Neurological Tissue: Neurons and Neuroglia
- Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system, responsible for generating and transmitting electrical signals.
- Types of neurons based on number of processes: multipolar, bipolar, unipolar.
- Neuroglia (glial cells) support and protect neurons.
Nerve Structure
- Nerves consist of axons surrounded by layers of connective tissue (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium).
- Myelinated neurons have a myelin sheath, increasing nerve impulse transmission speed.
- Unmyelinated neurons lack a myelin sheath, resulting in slower transmission speeds.
The Synapse and Neurotransmitters
- Synapses are specialized junctions between neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ (muscle, gland).
- Neurotransmitters carry impulses across synapses.
- Examples include acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid present in the brain's ventricles.
- CSF provides buoyancy and protection for the brain.
- CSF also contains nutrients and removes wastes.
Blood Supply to the Brain
- The brain receives 15% of the cardiac output.
- The circle of Willis (or cerebral arterial circle) delivers blood safely to the brain.
Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brain.
- Varying functions: sensory, motor, or mixed sensory and motor functions.
Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical structure continuous with the medulla oblongata.
- It is divided into segments, corresponding to vertebrae.
- Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord via foramina between vertebrae.
- Spinal reflexes are rapid, automatic motor responses to sensory stimuli.
Functional Organization of Cranial Nerves
- Cranial nerves are numbered and named according to their location and function.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The ANS regulates involuntary functions.
- Two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- These divisions typically have opposing effects on target organs.
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Description
Explore the fundamental aspects of the nervous system, including its structure and functions. This quiz delves into the central nervous system and its development during embryonic stages. Test your knowledge on how the nervous system coordinates vital body functions and maintains homeostasis.
