The Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the main subdivisions of the nervous system?

  • Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
  • Sensory and Motor Nervous System
  • Central and Peripheral Nervous System (correct)
  • Cranial and Spinal Nervous System

Which structure is part of the central nervous system?

  • Spinal cord (correct)
  • Nerves
  • Cranial nerves
  • Ganglia

What is the primary function of sensory receptors?

  • Detect various types of stimuli (correct)
  • Transmit electric signals to muscles
  • Coordinate body functions with the endocrine system
  • Connect the CNS to the PNS

What is a ganglion?

<p>A collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of division is responsible for transmitting signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?

<p>Afferent division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the motor, or efferent division of the PNS do?

<p>Send signals from the CNS to muscles and glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are cranial nerves most directly connected?

<p>Brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the nervous system and the endocrine system is true?

<p>The nervous system provides immediate responses while the endocrine system is usually slower. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the anterior and inferior portions of the cerebrum referred to as?

<p>Psychic cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

<p>Processing sensory information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells is NOT mentioned as being present in the cerebral cortex?

<p>Neuron cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cerebral medulla consist of?

<p>Neural tracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the largest commissural tract in the brain?

<p>Corpus callosum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the internal capsule lie within the brain?

<p>Between the basal ganglia and the thalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tracts make up the white matter connecting different parts of a cerebral hemisphere?

<p>Association (arcuate) tracts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the thickness of the cerebral cortex?

<p>It ranges from two or three layers in primitive parts to six layers in advanced regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What division of the motor system controls voluntary muscle movements?

<p>Somatic nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located?

<p>Within the CNS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the synapse between a neuron and a skeletal muscle cell?

<p>Neuromuscular junction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a plexus?

<p>An extensive network of axons and neuron cell bodies outside the CNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Regulate involuntary bodily functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a nerve?

<p>A bundle of axons connecting the CNS to other body parts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the functions of the nervous system?

<p>It involves majority of body functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure continues from the end of the spinal cord and fuses with the coccyx?

<p>Filum terminale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four ventricles of the brain?

<p>Interventricular ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature separates the right and left lateral ventricles?

<p>Septum lucidum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the third ventricle located in relation to the lateral ventricles?

<p>Below (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which canal connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

<p>Cerebral aqueduct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the fourth ventricle?

<p>Diamond-shaped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are arachnoid villi responsible for?

<p>Reabsorption of CSF into the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space through openings in the roof of which ventricle?

<p>Fourth ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

<p>Coordination of voluntary muscular movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of input does the cerebellum use for maintaining posture and balance?

<p>Proprioceptor impulses from muscles and joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would likely happen if the cerebellum is damaged?

<p>Clumsiness and uncoordinated movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the spinal cord begin?

<p>At the upper border of the atlas vertebra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lumbar puncture used for?

<p>Taking a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the spinal cord and the brain?

<p>The spinal cord serves as a bridge for impulses between the brain and body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the spinal cord in adults?

<p>45 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reflex activities can occur independently of the brain?

<p>Spinal reflexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Cardiac muscle (B), Both smooth and cardiac muscle (C), Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is used at both synapses in the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Increase heart rate and prepare for stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate?

<p>At the thoracic and lumbar levels of the spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many efferent neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system pathways?

<p>Two (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process predominates with increased parasympathetic activity?

<p>Digestion and restorative activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the nervous system controls glandular secretions?

<p>Autonomic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the autonomic ganglion in the pathway of autonomic nerves?

<p>Where the preganglionic neuron terminates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nervous System

The body system that detects changes inside and outside the body and controls functions; works with the endocrine system.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord; the control center of the nervous system.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands.

Sensory Receptors

Specialized cells that detect stimuli like temperature, pain, touch, and light.

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Nerve

A bundle of axons (nerve fibers) and their sheaths that connect the CNS to the body.

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Sensory (Afferent) Division

The part of the PNS that sends signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.

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Motor (Efferent) Division

The part of the PNS that sends signals from the CNS to muscles and glands to trigger actions.

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Ganglion

A collection of neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system.

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Somatic Nervous System

Part of the motor division that controls voluntary skeletal muscles.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the motor division that controls involuntary muscles (smooth/cardiac) and glands.

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Synapse

Junction between nerve cells or nerve cells with other cells (muscles, glands).

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Neuromuscular Junction

Synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell.

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Motor Division

Part of the nervous system that carries signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles and glands.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of gray matter and nerve cell bodies.

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Cerebral Medulla

The white matter beneath the cerebral cortex, consisting of nerve fiber tracts (axons) connecting brain areas.

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Lateral Fissure

The deep groove separating the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum.

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Association Tracts (Arcuate)

Nerve fibers connecting different parts of a cerebral hemisphere, especially adjacent gyri (folds).

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Commissural Tracts

Nerve fibers that connect corresponding areas of the two cerebral hemispheres.

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Corpus Callosum

The largest commissure (connection) connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

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Projection Tracts

Nerve fibers connecting the cerebral cortex to lower brain regions(e.g.: thalamus, spinal cord) and vice-versa.

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Internal Capsule

A major projection tract located between the basal ganglia and the thalamus, carrying many nerve impulses to and from the cerebral cortex.

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Brain Ventricles

Four irregular-shaped cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Lateral Ventricles

Two cavities located within the cerebral hemispheres, connected to the third ventricle.

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Third Ventricle

A cavity situated between the two parts of the thalamus, connected to the lateral ventricles and the fourth.

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Fourth Ventricle

A diamond-shaped cavity below the third ventricle, connecting to the spinal cord and subarachnoid space.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Fluid secreted into brain ventricles by choroid plexuses; circulates and cushions the brain and spinal cord.

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Choroid Plexuses

Vascular areas in ventricle walls that secrete cerebrospinal fluid.

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Arachnoid Villi

Tiny diverticula of arachnoid matter that reabsorb CSF into venous sinuses.

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Filum Terminale

Extension of the spinal cord, that fuses with the coccyx periosteum.

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Cerebellum

The part of the brain responsible for coordination, balance, and posture. It helps your body move smoothly and keeps you upright.

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Cerebellar Activity

The cerebellum's functions are not under conscious control. It works automatically to coordinate your movements.

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Proprioceptors

Sensory receptors located in muscles and joints that provide information about your body's position in space.

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Spinal Cord

A long, cylindrical structure that connects the brain to the rest of the body. It carries signals between the brain and body.

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Lumbar Puncture

A medical procedure to collect cerebrospinal fluid from the lower back for testing.

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Spinal Reflexes

Quick, automatic responses to stimuli that are controlled by the spinal cord without involving the brain.

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Sensory Nerves

Nerves that carry signals from the body to the brain, providing information about touch, temperature, and other sensations.

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Motor Nerves

Nerves that carry signals from the brain to the muscles, causing movement and actions.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for 'fight or flight' responses; increases heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing, preparing the body for action.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls 'rest and digest' functions; slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and promotes digestion.

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Autonomic Ganglion

A cluster of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system where preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system connect with postganglionic neurons.

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Preganglionic Neuron

The first neuron in the autonomic nervous system pathway, originating in the CNS and extending to an autonomic ganglion.

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Postganglionic Neuron

The second neuron in the autonomic nervous system pathway, originating in an autonomic ganglion and extending to the target organ.

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Thoracolumbar Outflow

Another name for the sympathetic nervous system, referring to the location of its preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

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What are the main functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for stressful situations by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, and diverting blood to muscles for action.

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What are the main functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for 'rest and digest' activities, slowing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and promoting digestion.

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Study Notes

The Nervous System

  • The nervous system detects and responds to changes inside and outside the body.
  • It coordinates and controls vital body functions, maintaining homeostasis.
  • The nervous system reacts quickly, while endocrine responses are slower.
  • Humans have one nervous system, with subdivisions.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
  • The brain is housed within the skull.
  • The spinal cord is located within the spinal canal, formed by vertebrae.
  • The brain and spinal cord connect at the foramen magnum.

Development of Central Nervous System

  • The early embryo has three regions: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
  • These develop into specific segments at later stages.
  • Telencephalon differentiates into the cerebrum.
  • Diencephalon differentiates into thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.
  • Midbrain (mesencephalon) remains the midbrain.
  • Metencephalon develops into pons and cerebellum.
  • Myelencephalon develops into medulla oblongata.
  • Specific functions are related to each region's development.

Divisions and Functions of the Brain

  • Brainstem: Connects spinal cord to cerebrum, including medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
  • Crucial roles in vital functions like heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting.
  • Cerebellum: Coordinates body movements, muscle tone, and balance. Plays a role in learning motor skills.
  • Diencephalon: Contains the thalamus (relay center for sensory signals), subthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.
  • Crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis.
  • Cerebrum: Involved in conscious thought, memory, and voluntary motor activity. Divided into lobes.

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • The PNS is external to the CNS.
  • It comprises sensory receptors, nerves, ganglia, and plexuses.
  • Sensory receptors detect stimuli (e.g. temperature, touch).
  • Nerves bundle axons and their sheaths. Connect CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands.
  • Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
  • Plexuses are networks of axons and/or neuron cell bodies outside the CNS.

Neurological Tissue: Neurons and Neuroglia

  • Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system, responsible for generating and transmitting electrical signals.
  • Types of neurons based on number of processes: multipolar, bipolar, unipolar.
  • Neuroglia (glial cells) support and protect neurons.

Nerve Structure

  • Nerves consist of axons surrounded by layers of connective tissue (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium).
  • Myelinated neurons have a myelin sheath, increasing nerve impulse transmission speed.
  • Unmyelinated neurons lack a myelin sheath, resulting in slower transmission speeds.

The Synapse and Neurotransmitters

  • Synapses are specialized junctions between neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ (muscle, gland).
  • Neurotransmitters carry impulses across synapses.
  • Examples include acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid present in the brain's ventricles.
  • CSF provides buoyancy and protection for the brain.
  • CSF also contains nutrients and removes wastes.

Blood Supply to the Brain

  • The brain receives 15% of the cardiac output.
  • The circle of Willis (or cerebral arterial circle) delivers blood safely to the brain.

Cranial Nerves

  • 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brain.
  • Varying functions: sensory, motor, or mixed sensory and motor functions.

Spinal Cord

  • The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical structure continuous with the medulla oblongata.
  • It is divided into segments, corresponding to vertebrae.
  • Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord via foramina between vertebrae.
  • Spinal reflexes are rapid, automatic motor responses to sensory stimuli.

Functional Organization of Cranial Nerves

  • Cranial nerves are numbered and named according to their location and function.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • The ANS regulates involuntary functions.
  • Two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
  • These divisions typically have opposing effects on target organs.

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The Nervous System PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental aspects of the nervous system, including its structure and functions. This quiz delves into the central nervous system and its development during embryonic stages. Test your knowledge on how the nervous system coordinates vital body functions and maintains homeostasis.

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