60 Questions
Which ion is primarily responsible for the positive charge outside of a neuron at rest?
Sodium (Na+)
What is the approximate membrane potential of a neuron at rest?
-70 mV
What is the main fuel source for the Sodium-Potassium pump?
ATP
What is the threshold voltage for an action potential to occur?
-55 mV
What happens to the voltage dependent Na+ channels during depolarization?
They close
What happens to the voltage dependent K+ channels during repolarization?
They open
Which part of the neuron receives information from other neurons?
Dendrites
What is the main function of the axon?
Transmits electrical information within the neuron
What is the direction of axoplasmic transport from the soma to the terminal buttons?
Anterograde
What attaches to the 'to be transported' anterograde item and moves it down the microtubules?
Kinesin
What is the function of the neuron membrane?
Separates inside from outside of neurons
What is inserted into the neuron membrane?
Both receptors and ion channels
Which plant was used by Aztec physicians in Central America to treat toothaches?
Chili pepper
Opium is derived from the latex in the husk of which flower?
Poppy
Which drug was widely used in ancient history and was first cultivated by Sumerians in 3400 BC?
Opium
Who made the mixture of wine and cocaine called 'Vin Mariani' that was adored by elites?
Angelo Mariani
Which substance was removed from 'Vin Mariani' and Coca-Cola in the early 20th century due to health issues?
Cocaine
Cannabis is believed to have been used in ancient Central and South Asia for thousands of years. In a 2,700-year-old grave in western China, how many grams of cannabis was found?
789 grams
Which cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Oligodendrocytes
Where is the only place where ions can be exchanged in a myelinated neuron?
Nodes of Ranvier
What is the process called when the action potential jumps from one Node of Ranvier to another in a myelinated neuron?
Saltatory conduction
What is the primary function of the action potential?
To communicate with other neurons
What happens when the action potential hits the terminal button of a neuron?
Ca2+ channels open
What is the purpose of the synaptic vesicles in the terminal button of a neuron?
To store neurotransmitters
Which of the following is NOT a primary cannabis species?
Cannabis hybrid
What is the psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)
Which chemical class is NOT found in cannabis plants?
Steroids
Who advocated for cannabis use in migraine in the early 19th century?
William O’Shaughnessy
Which factor derailed the medicinal use of cannabis in the United States?
Political propaganda
Which government agency approved synthetic versions of Δ9-THC for medicinal purposes?
Federal Drug Administration
What is the function of the dendrites in a neuron?
Receivers of information from other neurons.
What is the purpose of the soma in a neuron?
Core of neuron function/energy/life.
What is the role of the axon in a neuron?
Carrier of electrical information from one end of neuron to the other.
What is the process called that moves proteins and other matter along microtubule tracks in a neuron?
Axoplasmic transport.
What attaches to the 'to be transported' retrograde item and moves it up the microtubules?
Dynein.
What is the primary component of the neuron membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer.
What is the typical membrane potential of a neuron at rest?
-70 mV
What are the key ions involved in the membrane potential of a neuron at rest?
Proteins (A-), Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+)
What is the primary reason for the negative charge inside the neuron at rest?
Negatively charged proteins (A-)
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
To maintain the balance of Na+ outside of the neuron
What are the two forces that surround a neuron?
Diffusion and electrostatic pressure
What is the threshold voltage for an action potential to occur?
-55 mV
What are the three primary cannabis species?
Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis
What is the psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)
What is the non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?
cannabidiol (CBD)
How many distinct compounds are found in the leaves and flowering tops of cannabis plants?
at least 489
Who grew cannabis on his plantation for about 30 years?
George Washington
What did George Washington cultivate cannabis for?
to increase the potency of his crop
What was the main ingredient of opium called?
morphine
Who developed a method for refining the active ingredients of coca leaves?
Albert Niemann
What was the birth of Coca-Cola originally called?
French Coca Wine
Who replaced alcohol with soda water in the French Coca Wine?
John Pemberton
What substance was removed from both 'Vin Mariani' and Coca-Cola due to health issues?
cocaine
Who said the quote: 'Why with the time do I not glance aside To new-found methods, and to compounds strange. Why write I still all one, ever the same, And keep invention in a noted weed...'
William Shakespeare
What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?
The myelin sheath protects the neuron and allows for faster conduction of the action potential.
What is the significance of the Nodes of Ranvier?
The Nodes of Ranvier are the only places where ions can be exchanged, allowing for the retriggering of the action potential and faster conduction in myelinated neurons.
What is the function of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?
Neurotransmitters are released from the pre-synaptic neuron and bind to specific receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, facilitating communication between neurons.
What happens when the action potential reaches the terminal button?
Ca2+ channels open, leading to an influx of Ca2+ ions. This causes fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane and the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
What is the role of drugs in ancient medicine?
Ancient drugs were used for rituals, medicinal purposes, improved capacity/performance, and recreation. They were typically of plant origin and their discovery was based on trial and error over time.
What is the main function of a neuron?
The main function of a neuron is to serve as an effective communication relay apparatus, transferring information from one end to another and setting up a transfer to the next neuron.
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of myelin sheaths and their role in neuronal conduction with this informative quiz. Learn about the cells that produce myelin, the importance of Nodes of Ranvier, and the process of saltatory conduction. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of these crucial components of the nervous system.
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