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Questions and Answers
What function is primarily associated with the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Which muscle is responsible for flexing the elbow joint?
Which compartment of the thigh contains the vastus lateralis muscle?
What is the primary action of the gluteus medius muscle?
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Which muscle group is primarily responsible for extending the knee?
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Which muscle flexes both the ankle and the toes?
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The short muscles of the thumb are located in which part of the body?
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Which muscle group is responsible for eversion of the foot?
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Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the heart?
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What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?
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What connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle belly?
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Which of the following muscles connects the upper limb to the thoracic cage?
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What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
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What is the role of fixators in muscle movement?
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Which connective tissue divides the muscle belly into fascicles?
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Which muscle is primarily involved in shoulder flexion and adduction?
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Which type of muscle is characterized by spindle-shaped cells and a centrally located nucleus?
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What structure is responsible for the diaphragm's movement during respiration?
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Which muscle is part of the abdominal wall's outer layer?
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Which muscle is primarily involved in the elevation of the upper eyelid?
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What type of nerves supply the skeletal muscles?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT classified as a muscle of facial expression?
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What is a unique feature of cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle?
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Which muscle group is responsible for masticatory movement?
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Study Notes
The Muscular System
- There are over 600 named skeletal muscles in the human body
- Muscle tissue is present almost everywhere in the body
Muscles
- Muscles are a type of tissue that can contract to produce movement
- There are three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Types of Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated, attached to bones and cross joints
- Smooth muscle: Found in viscera and blood vessels, involuntary, non-striated
- Cardiac muscle: Found in the heart (myocardium), involuntary, striated, autorhythmic
Skeletal Muscle
- Voluntary muscle
- Striated muscle tissue
- Attached to bones and crosses joints
Attachment of Skeletal Muscle
- Origin: The fixed end of the muscle, typically proximal to the insertion
- Insertion: The movable end of the muscle, attached to another structure
- Tendon: Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
- Aponeurosis: Broad, flat tendon
- Raphe: A seam of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to muscle
Muscle Functional Groups
- Prime movers: Primary muscles responsible for a specific movement
- Synergists: Muscles that assist the prime movers
- Antagonists: Muscles that oppose the action of the prime movers
- Fixators: Muscles that stabilize the origin of the prime mover
Skeletal Muscle Structure
- Epimysium: Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle belly
- Perimysium: Connective tissue septa that divides the belly into fascicles, which contain bundles of muscle fibers
- Endomysium: Fine connective tissue extensions of the perimysium that surround individual muscle fibers
Muscles of the Upper Limb
- Shoulder girdle: Muscles connect the upper limb to the thoracic cage, vertebral column, and scapula
- Upper arm: Muscles in the anterior and posterior compartments
- Forearm: Muscles in the anterior and posterior compartments
- Hand: Muscles in the thenar and hypothenar eminences, tendons of flexor muscles, and other small muscles
Shoulder Girdle Muscles
-
Muscles connecting the upper limb to the thoracic cage:
- Pectoralis major: Flexes and adducts the upper arm
- Pectoralis minor: Depresses and protracts the scapula
-
Muscles connecting the upper limb to the vertebral column:
- Trapezius: Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula
- Latissimus dorsi: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the upper arm
-
Muscles connecting the scapula to the humerus:
- Deltoid: Abducts, flexes, and extends the shoulder joint
Muscles of the Upper Arm
-
Anterior compartment:
- Biceps brachii: Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm
- Brachialis: Flexes the elbow
-
Posterior compartment:
- Triceps brachii: Extends the elbow joint
Muscles of the Forearm
-
Anterior compartment:
- Flexors of the wrist and fingers
-
Posterior compartment:
- Extensors of the hand and fingers
Muscles of the Hand
- Thenar eminence: Muscles control the thumb
- Hypothenar eminence: Muscles control the little finger
- Tendons: Tendons of the long flexors pass through the hand
- Other small muscles: Carry out fine motor control
Muscles of the Lower Limb
- Gluteal region: Muscles that control movements of the hip joint
- Thigh: Muscles divided into anterior, posterior, and medial compartments
- Leg: Muscles divided into anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments
- Foot: Muscles that control movements of the foot
Gluteal Region Muscles
- Gluteus maximus: Extends the hip joint
- Gluteus medius: Abducts the thigh at the hip joint
- Gluteus minimus: Abducts the thigh at the hip joint
Muscles of the Thigh
-
Anterior compartment:
- Quadriceps femoris: A powerful extensor of the knee joint
-
Posterior compartment:
- Hamstring group (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus): Flexors of the knee joint
-
Medial compartment:
- Adductors of the thigh
Muscles of the Leg
-
Anterior compartment:
- Extensors of the ankle and toes
-
Posterior compartment:
- Flexors of the ankle and toes
- Tibialis posterior: Inverts the foot
-
Lateral compartment:
- Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis: Evert (turn outward) the foot
Muscles of the Foot
- Muscles in the foot control fine movements
Muscles of the Thorax
- Intercostal muscles: Help with breathing
- Diaphragm: Primary muscle of respiration
- Serratus posterior superior: Elevate the ribs
- Serratus posterior inferior: Depress the ribs
Muscles of the Abdomen
- External oblique: Flexes and rotates the vertebral column
- Internal oblique: Flexes and rotates the vertebral column
- Transversus abdominis: Compresses the abdomen
- Rectus abdominis: Flexes the vertebral column
- Quadratus lumborum: Extends and laterally flexes the vertebral column
- Psoas major: Flexes the hip joint
- Iliacus: Flexes the hip joint
Muscles of the Pelvis
- Levator ani: Forms the pelvic diaphragm and supports pelvic organs
Muscles of the Head
- Scalp: Occipitofrontalis muscle
- Facial expression: Muscles that control facial expressions
- Mastication: Muscles that control chewing
Muscles of the Scalp
- Occipitofrontalis: Raises eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead
Muscles of Facial Expression
-
Eyelids:
- Levator palpebrae superioris: Lifts the upper eyelid
- Orbicularis oculi: Closes the eyelid
-
Lips:
- Orbicularis oris: Closes the mouth
-
Cheeks:
- Buccinator: Compresses the cheeks and helps with chewing
Smooth Muscle
- Spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus
- Non-striated and involuntary, controlled by the autonomic nervous system
- Found in blood vessels, glands, gastrointestinal tract, and lower respiratory tract
Cardiac Muscle
- Cylindrical cells with branches that connect end-to-end
- One centrally located nucleus, with intercalated discs
- Involuntary and autorhythmic, controlled by the autonomic nervous system
- Found only in the myocardium (heart muscle tissue)
Nerve Supply of Muscles
- Smooth and cardiac muscles: Autonomic nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- Skeletal muscles: Somatic nerves (e.g., spinal nerves)
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Description
Explore the fascinating details of the muscular system, including the three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. This quiz covers their characteristics, functions, and structural relationships, enhancing your understanding of how muscles operate in the human body.
